Table 4.
Multilevel Poisson regression incidence rate ratios of care provision within the household (n (individuals) = 97,872, n (countries) = 21).
Source: SHARE (1, 2, 4, 5, 6) and ELSA (2, 3, 4, 6, 7); *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05; standard errors in parentheses
| Variables | M1 | M2 | M3 | M4 | M5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual level | |||||
| Household education (medium) | |||||
| Low | 1.22*** | 1.06 | 1.05 | 1.06 | |
| (0.04) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | ||
| High | 0.92* | 0.93* | 0.93* | 0.93* | |
| (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | ||
| Couple income (middle medium income) | |||||
| Poor | 1.05 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.96 | |
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | ||
| Low medium income | 1.21*** | 1.13*** | 1.13*** | 1.13*** | |
| (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | ||
| High medium income | 0.75*** | 0.82*** | 0.82*** | 0.82*** | |
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | ||
| High income | 0.93 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | |
| (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | ||
| Household wealth (0—49,999 Euros) | |||||
| Debts | 0.98 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.08 | |
| (0.07) | (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.08) | ||
| 50′000–99′999 | 0.84*** | 0.89** | 0.89** | 0.89** | |
| (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | ||
| 100′000 + | 0.74*** | 0.78*** | 0.78*** | 0.79*** | |
| (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.02) | ||
| Age | 1.02*** | 1.02*** | 1.02*** | ||
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |||
| Gender (Men) | |||||
| Women | 1.33*** | 1.33*** | 1.33*** | ||
| (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03 | |||
| Household size | 1.13*** | 1.13*** | 1.13*** | ||
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |||
| Employment status (not working) | |||||
| Full-time | 0.76*** | 0.76*** | 0.76*** | ||
| (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | |||
| Part-time | 0.76*** | 0.76*** | 0.77*** | ||
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | |||
| IADL limitations (none) | |||||
| At least 1 limitation | 1.43*** | 1.43*** | 1.43*** | ||
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | |||
| Interview year (2004–2005) | |||||
| 2006–2007 | 1.13** | 1.13** | 1.12* | ||
| (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | |||
| 2008–2012 | 1.24*** | 1.24*** | 1.23*** | ||
| (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | |||
| 2013–2015 | 1.25*** | 1.26*** | 1.25*** | ||
| (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | |||
| Country level | |||||
| Gini coefficient | 1.03** | ||||
| (0.01) | |||||
| Social expenditure, %GDP | 0.98* | ||||
| (0.009) | |||||
| Constant | 0.07*** | 0.08*** | 0.02*** | 0.01*** | 0.03*** |
| (0.00) | (0.01) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.01) | |
| Variance and model fit | |||||
| Country level | 0.07** | 0.04** | 0.03** | 0.02** | 0.02** |
| (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |
| AIC | 51,674.1 | 51,270.9 | 50,505.7 | 50,501.8 | 50,503.8 |
| BIC | 51,693.1 | 51,375.3 | 50,695.6 | 50,701.1 | 50,703.1 |
| Log likelihood | −25,835.07 | −25,624.47 | −25,232.87 | −25,229.9 | −25,230.89 |
| Likelihood ratio test | 421.19*** | 783.21*** | 5.93** | 3.95* | |
Likelihood ratio tests M1 nested in M2; M2 nested in M3; M3 nested in M4: M3 nested in M5