Fig. 5.

a) Schematic of the comparison between two types of imaging-guided surgeries. b) Information of volunteers. c) The lengths of operative time for two surgical modes. d) Schematic diagram of NIR-II fluorescence imaging system. e) NIR-II fluorescence imaging of the EP tube and selected segment of intestine (scale bar: 1 ​cm). f) Schematic of the home-modified endoscopic system. g) Morphology of the EP tube and segment of intestine in bright field. h) Visible fluorescence images of the EP tube and segment of intestine observed by endoscopy. All values are mean ​± ​S.E.M (n ​= ​3), ∗p ​< ​0.05, ∗∗p ​< ​0.01, ∗∗∗p ​< ​0.001.