Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of PPCS and control participants. Scoring ranges for PHQ-9, GAD-7, FSS and ESS are reported. ESS: Epworth Sleepiness Scale; FSS: Fatigue Severity Scale; GAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9.
| Demographics | Controls (n = 29) | PPCS (n = 29) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (s.d.) | 43.69 (11.00) | 45.83 (10.73) | |
| Age, median [range] | 43.00 [24–62] | 45.00 [23–63] | |
| Sex, M/F | 7M/22F | 7M/22F | |
| Education, n (%) | 0.164 | ||
| PhD/Medical Doctorate | 5 (17 %) | 0 (0 %) | |
| Master’s Degree | 4 (14 %) | 5 (17 %) | |
| Bachelor’s Degree | 13 (45 %) | 12 (41 %) | |
| Trades School/Vocational Education | 5 (17 %) | 8 (28 %) | |
| Grade 12 | 2 (7 %) | 4 (14 %) | |
| Current work status, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Full-time (employed or student) | 23 (79 %) | 10 (34 %) | |
| Part-time (employed or student) | 4 (14 %) | 6 (21 %) | |
| Not currently working (employed or student prior to accident) | n/a | 12 (41 %) | |
| Not employed or student | 2 (7 %) | 1 (3 %) | |
| Questionnaires, mean (s.d.) | |||
| Depression, PHQ-9 [scoring range: 0–27] | 3 (5) | 12 (6) | <0.001 |
| Anxiety, GAD-7 [scoring range: 0–21] | 3 (3) | 7 (5) | <0.001 |
| Fatigue, FSS [scoring range: 9–63] | 22 (9) | 45 (15) | <0.001 |
| Daytime sleepiness, ESS [scoring range: 0–24] | 5 (3) | 8 (5) | 0.003 |
| Handedness, R/L | 26R/3L | 28R/1L | 0.300 |
| History of drug or alcohol use disorder | None reported | None reported |