TABLE 2.
Overview of various strategies employed to produce MFHEs as well as the application.
| Donor cells of exosomes | Liposomesa (therapeutic cargos) | Fusion strategy | Characterization of membrane fusion | Application | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J774A.1 | Thermosensitive liposomes (water-soluble doxorubicin) | Membrane extrusion | FRET、SDS-PAGE、Western blot | Tumor targeted drug delivery | Rayamajhi et al. (2019) |
| CT26 (overexpressing CD47) | Thermosensitive liposomes (ICG and R837) | Freeze–thaw | Immunomagnetic bead、DLS、TEM | Tumor targeted drug delivery | Cheng et al. (2021) |
| mouse platelet exosomes | Photothermal sensitive liposomes and FAC | PEG-mediated | CLSM、SDS-PAGE、DLS、TEM | Tumor targeted drug delivery | Ma et al. (2022) |
| BALB/c3T3 (overexpressing CD47) | Thermosensitive liposomes (GM-CSF and/or docetaxel) | Freeze–thaw | Immunomagnetic bead、DLS、TEM | Tumor targeted drug delivery | Lv et al. (2020) |
| SKOV3-CDDP (overexpressing CD47) | cRGD modified liposomes (triptolide and microRNA-497) | Membrane extrusion | FRET、TEM、NTA、Western blot | Tumor targeted drug delivery | Li et al. (2022) |
| Sk-hep1 | DPPC film (siCDK1) | Membrane extrusion | FRET、CLSM、TEM、DLS | Tumor targeted drug delivery | Zhou et al. (2022) |
| L-929 | Liposomes (CLD and/or NIN) | Membrane extrusion | FRET、TEM、DLS、Western blot | Drug delivery to pulmonary fibrosis | Sun et al. (2021) |
| L-929 | Liposomes (CLD and NIN) | Membrane extrusion | FRET、TEM、DLS | Drug delivery to liver fibrosis | Ji et al. (2022) |
| NIH-3T3 (overexpressing CXCR4) | Liposomes (antagomir-188) | Membrane extrusion | FRET、TEM、NTA、Western blot | Anabolic therapy for bone loss | Hu et al. (2021) |
| BMSCs | Liposomes (Polypyrrole nanoparticles) | Freeze–thaw | CLSM、TEM、LC-MS analysis、NTA | Drug delivery to diabetic peripheral neuropathy | Singh et al. (2021) |
| A549 and 3T3 | Liposomes (siRNA) | Membrane extrusion | Micro BCA、TEM、NTA | Gene delivery | Jhan et al. (2020) |
| SKOV3 | Liposomes (siRNA) | Membrane extrusion | Immunomagnetic bead、TEM、NTA | Gene delivery | Evers et al. (2021) |
| HEK293FT | Liposomes (CRISPR/Cas9) | Natural incubation | TEM、DLS、Western blot | Gene delivery | Sato et al. (2016) |
| 293F | Liposomes (CRISPR-FDS) | — | — | EVs detection | Ning et al. (2021) |
| HeLa | Aptamer-coated liposomes | — | — | EVs detection | Wang et al. (2019) |