. 2022 Aug 16;13:943108. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.943108

TABLE 5.

Influence of blue light on wellbeing.

Study	Age (years) participants (n)	Activity	Intervention/Exposure	Duration of intervention	Measurement tool	Methodological characteristics	Outcome
Burkhart and Phelps (2009)	34 ± 8.2	Bedtime routine	Yellow tinted safety glasses vs. BLB amber glasses	3 h	PANAS	Controlled study	Mood significant ↑ with BLB glasses
Burkhart and Phelps (2009)	n = 20	Bedtime routine	Yellow tinted safety glasses vs. BLB amber glasses	3 h	PANAS	Controlled study	Mood significant ↑ with BLB glasses
Driller and Uiga (2019)	28 ± 5.0	Reading before bedtime	iPad vs. hard copy book	1 h	Likert scale	RCT, crossover study	Motivation to exercise no significant change in BL perceived during exercise and no significant change on the following day
Driller and Uiga (2019)	n = 14	Reading before bedtime	iPad vs. hard copy book	1 h	Likert scale	RCT, crossover study
Ekström and Beaven (2014)	26 ± 4	Sitting during the morning	BL (40 lux, 470 nm) vs. CAF vs. Placebo (WL and sugar)	1 h	SCAS	RCT, crossover study	Mood significant strong ↑ in (BLxCAF) compared to mood significant moderate ↑ in (BLxplacebo)
Ekström and Beaven (2014)	n = 20	Sitting during the morning	BL (40 lux, 470 nm) vs. CAF vs. Placebo (WL and sugar)	1 h	SCAS	RCT, crossover study
Gabel et al. (2013)	23.1 ± 0.8	Cognitive tasks during morning hours	BL (470 nm) vs. DSL	20 min	PANAS, VAS	Controlled study	Subjective wellbeing no significant change in BL
Gabel et al. (2013)	n = 17	Cognitive tasks during morning hours	BL (470 nm) vs. DSL	20 min	PANAS, VAS	Controlled study	Subjective wellbeing no significant change in BL
Heo et al. (2017)	31.0 ± 4.2	Smartphone use during the morning	Smartphone vs. Smartphone display filter	150 min	POMS	RCT, crossover study	Tension and anxiety no significant change in BL
Heo et al. (2017)	n = 22	Smartphone use during the morning	Smartphone vs. Smartphone display filter	150 min	POMS	RCT, crossover study	Tension and anxiety no significant change in BL
Iskra-Golec et al. (2012)	28.3 ± 2.8	Sitting	BL (17 K, 420 nm–480 nm) vs. WL (4 K)	3 weeks, office hours	Polish adaptation of the UWIST mood adjective check list	Field experiment counterbalanced	Energetic arousal significant ↑ in BL during the morning
Iskra-Golec et al. (2012)	n = 30	Sitting	BL (17 K, 420 nm–480 nm) vs. WL (4 K)	3 weeks, office hours	Polish adaptation of the UWIST mood adjective check list	Field experiment counterbalanced	Hedonic tone and tense arousal no significant change in BL
Rångtell et al. (2016)	adults	Reading a book	Tablet vs. hard copy	2 h	KSS	RCT	Subjective ratings of arousal and other feelings no significant change in BL
Rångtell et al. (2016)	n = 14	Reading a book	Tablet vs. hard copy	2 h	KSS	RCT
Viola et al. (2008)	36.4 ± 10.2	Office work during the day	BL (420–480 nm) vs. WL	4 weeks	H&ES, KSS, PANAS	Controlled crossover study	Irritability significant ↓ in BL
Viola et al. (2008)	n = 94	Office work during the day	BL (420–480 nm) vs. WL	4 weeks	H&ES, KSS, PANAS	Controlled crossover study	Positive mood significant ↑ in BL

Increase (↑), decrease (↓), blue light (BL), blue light blocking (BLB), caffeine (CAF), dawn simulation light (DSL), Headache and Eye Strain scale (H&ES), thousand (K), Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS), Positive And Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), Profile Of Mood States (POMS), randomized control trials (RCT), Swedish Core Affect Scales (SCAS), University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology (UWIST), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and white light (WL).