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RNF proteins orchestrate the cGAS-STING signaling pathway. Upon activation by dsDNA, cytosolic cGAS triggers STING activation and translocation through synthesizing cGAMP, consequently inducing IFN-I and inflammatory cytokines production. RNF proteins can target multiple steps in the DNA sensing signal pathway. Overview of the RNF proteins that positively (green arrows) or negatively (red T-shaped solid line) cGAS-STING signaling. P, phosphate; U, ubiquitin
