TABLE 4.
Biological activity of bioactive compounds and extracts of S. nigrum.
| Biological activities | Extracts/compounds | Types | Testing subjects | Doses/duration | Mechanisms/effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antitumor activity | ||||||
| SNPE | In vitro | HepG2 cells | 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/ml for 24 h | IC50 value was 0.75 mg/ml, arrested the cell cycle at the G2/M phase and CDK1, Bcl-2 and Bid protein expression levels ↓ | Wang et al. (2010) | |
| SNPE | In vivo | HepG2 tumor-bearing mice | 1 or 2 µg/ml for 35 days | Tumor weight and tumor volume ↓ | Wang et al. (2011) | |
| SNWE | In vitro | HepG2 cells | 0.05–2 mg/ml for 24 h | The IC50 of SNWE and SNPE was 2.18 and 0.86 mg/ml, respectively, inhibited TPA-induced HepG2 migration, TPA-induced PKCα and p38 protein expression levels ↓ | Yang et al. (2010) | |
| SNPE | ||||||
| SNWE | In vitro | HUVEC and HepG2 cells | 0.1–2 mg/ml for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h | Suppression of the VEGF-induced activation of AKT and mTOR | Yang et al. (2016) | |
| SNPE | ||||||
| SNWE | In vivo | HepG2 tumor-bearing mice | 0–2% for 35 days | Reduced the volume and weight of the tumors, and CD31 protein expression levels ↓ | Yang et al. (2016) | |
| SNPE | ||||||
| SNEE | In vitro | A549 cells | 100 µg/ml for 16 h | Exhibited specifically stat3-suppressing activity in A549 cells through the decrease of Bcl-xL expression | Park et al. (2014) | |
| SNTA | In vitro | RPMI-8226 cells | 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg for 14 days | Inhibited I κB-α Phosphorylation and NF-κB/IRF4 signaling pathway to induce apoptosis | Liu et al. (2021) | |
| SNFME | In vitro | C6 cells | 0.025–0.4 mg/ml | IC50 value was 0.23 mg/ml, attenuated cell cloning, migration and invasion | Li et al. (2021) | |
| SNWE | In vitro | TG-elicited peritoneal macrophages | 10–500 mg/ml for 12 h | Decreased NO production and increased the expression of iNOS protein | An et al. (2005) | |
| SNLP-1 | In vivo | Lung Cancer Bearing Mice | 200 mg/kg/day | Played an antitumor role by enhancing the function of the immune system in the body | Pu (2020) | |
| SNCE | In vitro | 786-O cells | 40 mg/ml | Inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis by inhibiting the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway | Liao et al. (2020) | |
| 2 | In vitro | Human hepatoma cancer cell line (HepG2 cell) | 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µM | IC50 value against HepG2 cell was 0.245 μg/ml | Wang (2007) | |
| 2 | In vitro | Human tumor cells lines (NCI-H460, SF-268, MCF-7, HepG2 Cell) | 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µM for 48 h | IC50 values against four tumor cells were 4.4, 3.1, 1.5, and 0.2 μM, respectively | Zhou (2006) | |
| 26 | In vitro | Human tumor cells lines (NCI-H460, SF-268, MCF-7, HepG2 Cell) | 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µM for 48 h | IC50 values against four tumor cells were 31.8, 34.7, 29.1, and 19.6 μM, respectively | Zhou (2006) | |
| 28 | In vitro | Human tumor cells lines (NCI-H460, SF-268, MCF-7, HepG2 Cell) | 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µM for 48 h | IC50 values against four tumor cells were 52.3, 260.4, 64.7, and 48.6 μM, respectively | Zhou (2006) | |
| 78 | In vitro | Human tumor cells lines (NCI-H460, SF-268, MCF-7, HepG2 Cell) | 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µM for 48 h | IC50 values against four tumor cells were 22.9, 34.2, 42.2, and 19.2 μM, respectively | Zhou (2006) | |
| 79 | In vitro | Human tumor cells lines (K562, KB, K562/A02, and KB/VCR) | NW | IC50 values against four tumor cells were 8.0, 7.8, 5.4, and 7.1 μM, respectively | Zhao (2010) | |
| 79 | In vitro | HepG2 | 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µM | IC50 value against HepG2 cell was 19.2 μg/ml | Wang (2007) | |
| 79 | In vitro | Human tumor cells lines (HL-60, U-937, Jurkat, K562, and HepG2) | NW | Exhibited the most potent cytotoxicity to all the cell lines with IC50 values of 3.53, 9.31, 2.72, 8.75, 5.36 μM, respectively | Xiang et al. (2019) | |
| 79 | In vitro | Human tumor cells lines (MDA-MB-231, A549, Hep3B, PC3) | 30 and 100 µM | IC50 values against 4 tumor cells were 1.86, 2.24, 0.78, 5.13 μM, respectively | Tai et al. (2018) | |
| 79 | In vitro | Human tumor cells lines (NCI-H460, SF-268, MCF-7, HepG2) | 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µM for 48 h | IC50 values against 4 tumor cells were 21.4, 25.1, 15.2, and 7.6 μM, respectively | Zhou (2006) | |
| 79 | In vitro | K562 cells | 5, 7.5 and 10 μM for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 h | Induced tumor apoptosis by initiating an early lysosomal destabilization pathway | Sun et al. (2010) | |
| 79 | In vitro | SMMC-7721 cells | 0, 5, 10, 15 μg/ml for 72 h | The IC50 values were 9.21 μg/ml | Ding et al. (2012a) | |
| 79 | In vitro | QBC939 cells | 0–10 μΜ | The IC50 value was 9.81 μΜ, Inhibited the metastasis and invasion by inhibiting the expression of PI3K/Akt signal pathway | Zhang (2018) | |
| 84 | In vitro | Lung cancer A549 cells | 1–20 μmol/L for 24 h | IC50 values against A549 cells were 2.36 μM, respectively | Shi et al. (2019) | |
| 99 | In vitro | PANC-1 cells | 0, 2, 4, 6 μg/ml | N-cadherin, vimentin, MMP2 expression level ↓; E-cadherin expression level ↑ | Kong et al. (2020) | |
| 99 | In vitro | RKO and HCT-116 cells | 13–32 µM in RKO cells, 11–28 µM in HCT-116 cells | IC50 were 20.84 and 20.32 µM respectively. The expression levels of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 in RKO cells↓; production of ROS in RKO cells ↑; inhibited the migration and invasion of HCT-116 cells | Yan et al. (2020) | |
| 99 | In vitro | HCT-116 cells | 4–32 μmol/L for 48 h | Inhibited proliferation and clone, induced apoptosis by activating Caspase-3 | Hu et al. (2019) | |
| 99 | In vitro | SK-OV3 cells | 5–15 μmol/L for 24, 48, 72 h | Inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis by regulating the expression of p-Akt, cleaved Caspase-3 and p53 protein | Zhu et al. (2019) | |
| 99 | In vitro | RKO cells | NW | Induced apoptosis by activation of Caspase-3, the increase of intracellular ROS level and the inhibition of FAK phosphorylation | Yan and Hu (2019) | |
| 99 | In vitro | U87 cells | 2.5–30 μg/μl | Inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosisby by down-regulating the expression of Ki-67, PCNA and Bcl-2 protein and up-regulating the expression of Bax protein | Zhao et al. (2019) | |
| 99 | In vitro | SGC-7901 cells | 25, 50, 100 μg/ml for 48, 72 h | Inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis by up-regulating the expression of mir-140 and down-regulating the expression of MACC1 | Huang et al. (2020) | |
| 99 | In vitro | EC9706, KYSE30 cells | 4 μmol/L | Enhanced the drug sensitivity of esophageal cancer cell lines EC9706 and kyse30 to 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin via | Wu (2019) | |
| 99 | In vivo | ACHN-induced tumor-bearing mice | 20 mg/kg for 28 days | Inhibited tumor growth through HIF-1α pathway to affect the expression and activity of key enzymes of glycolysis | Wang et al. (2019) | |
| 100 | In vitro | THP-1, MV4-11, NB-4, HL-60, HEL cells | NW | IC50 were 11.19, 12.50, 15.45, 15.87, 17 mM, promoted apoptosis and caused less cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase through the activation of the AMPK/FOXO3A Axis | Zhang et al. (2021) | |
| 100 | In vitro | HepG2 and QGY-7703 cells | 0–50 µM for 24, 48, 72 h | The proliferation of hepatoma cells was inhibited by activating mir-375-3p, ccat1, Sp1 and IRF5 protein expression levels ↓ | Zhang et al. (2021) | |
| 100 | In vitro | A549 cells | 0, 15, 20, 25 μmol/L for 24, 48, and 72 h | Induced apoptosis by inhibiting the expression of p65 and Bcl-2 protein, enhancing the expression of bik and Bak protein, and activating Caspase-3 pathway | Li et al. (2020) | |
| 100 | In vitro | Human tumor cells lines (NCI-H460, SF-268, MCF-7, HepG2) | 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µM for 48 h | IC50 values against four tumor cells were 97.5, 113.5, 75.7, and 48.9 μM, respectively | Zhou (2006) | |
| 100 | In vitro | Human tumor cells lines (HL-60, U-937, Jurkat, K562, and HepG2) | NW | IC50 values against five tumor cells were 33.32, 39.16, 12.85, 26.83, and 17.33 μM, respectively | Xiang et al. (2019) | |
| 180 | In vitro | HepG2 | 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µM | IC50 value was 62.3 μg/ml | Wang (2007) | |
| 181 | In vitro | HepG2 | 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µM | IC50 value was 57.5 μg/ml | Wang (2007) | |
| Anti-inflammatory activity | ||||||
| SNCFE | In vitro | Peritoneal macrophages | 0–200 μg/ml for 4 and 24 h | NO, TNF-α and IL-6 levels ↓; p38, JNK and ERK1/2 expression levels ↓ | Kang et al. (2011) | |
| SNFEE | In vivo | Acute ear edema mouse model | 0.125, 0.250, 0.500, and 1.000 mg/ml | The cell viability below 0.5 mg/ml was about 90%, alleviating edema and decreased thickness of ear tissue | Yeom et al. (2019) | |
| SNEE | In vivo | Acute and sub-acute rat model | 100 and 200 mg/kg | The pathological changes of granuloma, kidney, liver and stomach were lighter than those in the model group | Aryaa and Viswanathswamy (2017) | |
| SNWE | In vitro | Patients with thoracic malignant tumor after radiotherapy | NW | PDGF, TGF-β1, IL-6,TNF-α expression level ↑ | Che (2018) | |
| SNFPEFE | In vitro | Hyaluronidase, lipoxygenase | 100–1,000 µg/ml | The IC50 values of hyaluronidase and lipoxygenase were 810.67 and 781.28 µg/ml | Guo et al. (2020) | |
| 43 | In vitro | LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells | 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 50 μM | NO inhibition (IC50 = 40.11 μM) | Xiang et al. (2018) | |
| 44 | In vitro | LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells | 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 50 μM | NO inhibition (IC50 = 72.39 μM) | Xiang et al. (2018) | |
| 45 | In vitro | LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells | 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 50 μM | NO inhibition (IC50 = 33.00 μM) | Xiang et al. (2018) | |
| 46 | In vitro | LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells | 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 50 μM | NO inhibition (IC50 = 48.75 μM) | Xiang et al. (2018) | |
| 47 | In vitro | LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells | 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 50 μM | NO inhibition (IC50 = 50.77 μM) | Xiang et al. (2018) | |
| 48 | In vitro | LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells | 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 50 μM | NO inhibition (IC50 = 63.66 μM) | Xiang et al. (2018) | |
| 49 | In vitro | LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells | 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 50 μM | NO inhibition (IC50 = 11.33 μM) | Xiang et al. (2018) | |
| 52 | In vitro | LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells | 12.5 and 25.0 μM for 24 h | NO inhibition (IC50 = 9.7 μM) | Wang et al. (2017) | |
| 53 | In vitro | LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells | 12.5 and 25.0 μM for 24 h | NO inhibition (IC50 = 17.8 μM) | Wang et al. (2017) | |
| 54 | In vitro | LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells | 12.5 and 25.0 μM for 24 h | NO inhibition (IC50 = 14.0 μM) | Wang et al. (2017) | |
| 56 | In vitro | LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells | 12.5 and 25.0 μM for 24 h | NO inhibition (IC50 = 38.3 μM) | Wang et al. (2017) | |
| 57 | In vitro | LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells | 12.5 and 25.0 μM for 24 h | NO inhibition (IC50 = 41.0 μM) | Wang et al. (2017) | |
| 59 | In vitro | LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells | 12.5 and 25.0 μM for 24 h | NO inhibition (IC50 = 48.5 μM) | Wang et al. (2017) | |
| 60 | In vitro | LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells | 12.5 and 25.0 μM for 24 h | NO inhibition (IC50 = 44.0 μM) | Wang et al. (2017) | |
| 63 | In vitro | LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells | 12.5 and 25.0 μM for 24 h | NO inhibition (IC50 = 22.1 μM) | Wang et al. (2017) | |
| 85 | In vitro | LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells | NW | NO inhibition (IC50 = 23.42 μM) | Xiang et al. (2019) | |
| 164 | In vitro | BChE assay | NW | moderate BChE inhibitory activity (IC50 = 195.2 µg/ml) | Sabudak et al. (2017) | |
| 165 | In vitro | BChE assay | NW | Moderate BChE inhibitory activity (IC50 = 299.1 µg/ml) | Sabudak et al. (2017) | |
| Antioxidant activity | ||||||
| SNFME | In vitro | DPPH and hydrogen peroxide radicals | 25, 50,100, 150, and 200 μg/ml | The IC50 value of 70.73 μg/ml for DPPH radical scavenging and IC50 59.72 μg/ml for hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity | Veerapagu et al. (2018) | |
| SNFEE | In vitro | DPPH and hydroxyl radical | 0–2.4 mg/ml | The scavenging rate on DPPH, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay were 68.45% and 49.12%, respectively | Teng et al. (2014) | |
| SNFP | In vitro | DPPH and hydroxyl radicals | 0–1.2 mg/ml | The IC50 values were 65.43 μg/ml and 0.33 mg/ml for DPPH, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay | Chen et al. (2020) | |
| SNFEAE | In vitro | FRAP and DPPH· scavenging assays | 100–2,500 μg/ml for FRAP 50–1,000 µg/ml for DPPH | The IC50 values were 119.43 µg/ml and 2.674 µg/ml, FeSO4/L for DPPH and FRAP scavenging activity | Guo et al. (2020) | |
| SNFEE | In vitro | DPPH and ABTS radical | 0–120 μg/ml | Showed moderate free radical scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS+ free radical with the IC50 were 81.02 and 35.56 μg/ml, respectively | Sivaraj et al. (2020) | |
| Immunoregulatory activity | ||||||
| SNLWP-1 SNLAP-1 SNLAP-2 | In vivo | H22-bearing mice | 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg for 10 days | IL-2, IFN-c levels ↑; IL-10 levels↓ | Ding et al. (2012b) | |
| SNCP | In vivo | Male BALB/C mice | 200, 400, 800 mg/kg for 28 days | B.T, NK cell activity ↑ | Tian et al. (2019) | |
| SNLP-1 | In vivo | Lung Cancer Bearing Mice | 200 mg/kg/day | CD4+/CD8+of T lymphocytes levels ↑; Th1 cytokines levels ↑ | Pu (2020) | |
| Hepatoprotective activity | ||||||
| SNWE | in vivo | CCl4-induced chronic hepatotoxicity in rats | 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 g/kg for 6 weeks | GOT, GPT, ALP, total bilirubin, superoxide , hydroxyl radical levels↓; GSH, SOD, GST Al, GST Mu levels ↑ | Lin et al. (2008) | |
| SNFBFE | in vivo | D-GalN-induced hepatic fibrosis rats | 16 and 25 mg/kg for 10 days | ALT, AST, ALP enzymes, GSH, SOD, and CAT levels↓ | Chester et al. (2019) | |
| SNWSP | in vivo | CCl4-induced acute injury in rats | 100, 200, 400 mg/kg for 7 days | ALT, AST, ALP, MDA levels↓; SOD, GSH-Px, CAT levels ↑ | Yang et al. (2014) | |
| SNWE | in vivo | Ethanol-induced liver injury in rats | 100, 150, 200 mg/kg for 7 days | ALT, AST, GSTA1, MDA levels↓; SOD, GSH, GSH-Px ↑ | Han (2014) | |
| Antibacterial activity | ||||||
| SNFEE | in vitro | Aspergillus’s Niger, Fusarium oxysprum | 250–1,000 µg/ml for 24 h | Highest antifungal zone was 32.42 and 28.16 mm against Aspergillus’s Niger and Fusarium oxysprum | Mazher et al. (2017) | |
| SNFEE | in vitro | Escherichia coli | 250–625 µg/ml | The maximum zone of inhibition was 25 mm for Escherichia coli at 625 µg/ml concentration | Sivaraj et al. (2020) | |
| SNEE | in vitro | Staphylococcus aureus | 12.5–200 mg/ml | The maximum zones of inhibition were 16.88, 11.33, and 19.25 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Aeromona sobria at 200 mg/ml concentration | Ge (2019) | |
| Escherichia coli | ||||||
| Aeromona sobria | ||||||
| SNEE | in vitro | Alternaria solani | NW | The EC50 values of Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporun were 1,629 and 1,262 ppm | Cai (2003) | |
| Cladosporium cucumerinum | ||||||
| Fusarium oxysporun | ||||||
| Rhizoctonia solani | ||||||
| 93 | in vitro | Candida albicans | 0, 8, 16, 32, and 64 mg/L for 12, 24, 36, 48 h | Inhibited the activity of Candida albicans via regulating Ras-cAMP-PKA signaling pathway and reducing the intracellular cAMP content | Li et al. (2015) | |
| 93 | in vitro | Candida albicans | 32, 64 µg/ml | Alkalizing the intracellular vacuole of Candida albicans and causing hyper-permeability of the vacuole membrane | Chang et al. (2017) | |
| Insecticidal activity | ||||||
| SNLME | in vitro | 2nd instar larvae of CPB | 5, 10,15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45 mg/ml | Caused 50% mortality for 2nd instar CPB larvae at concentration of 5 ppm and foliar consumption was decreased by 74% | Ben-Abdallah et al. (2019) | |
| SNLCME | in vitro | Cx. vishnui group and An. subpictus | 25, 45, 60 mg/L for 24, 48, and 72 h | Showed 100 percent larval mortality against early 3rd instar of An. subpictus at 60 mg/L | Rawani et al. (2017) | |
| SNFMWE | in vitro | Galba truncatula | NW | The hydro-methanol LC50 = 3.96 mg/L, LC90 = 7.49 mg/L | Hammami et al. (2011) | |
| SNLEAE | in vitro | Culex quinquefasciatus | 10–50 ppm for 24–72 h | LC50 values of ethyl acetate extracts were 17.04 ppm | Rawani et al. (2010) | |
| SNLEE | in vitro | Green Peach Aphid Myzus persicae Sulzer | 4.24 mg/ml for 24, 48, and 72 h | Caused 28.54%, 56.8%, and 57.42% mortality rates after 24, 48, and 72 h exposure | Madanat et al. (2016) | |
| SNLME | in vitro | Culex quinquefasciatus | 6.25–1,000 ppm | Methanol leaves extract causing 90% mortality rate | Rahuman et al. (2009) | |
| Neuroprotective activity | ||||||
| SNL | in vivo | SCOP-induced cognitive impairment rats | 5% and 10% leaf inclusions | ChEs levels↑; restored the impaired memory function | Ogunsuyi et al. (2018) | |
| SNL | in vivo | AlCl3-induced neurodegeneration in Drosophila melanogaster | 0.1% and 1.0% pulverized vegetable for 7 days | GST, MAO, ChE, ROS, TBARS levels ↓; Athletic, memory ability ↑ | Ogunsuyi et al. (2020) | |
| SNL | in vivo | AlCl3-induced neurodegeneration in Drosophila melanogaster | 0.1% and 1.0% pulverized vegetable for 7 days | ROS, GST, Hsp70, Jafrac1, reaper and NF-kҝB/Relish ↓; cnc/Nrf2 and FOXO ↑ | Ogunsuyi et al. (2021) | |
| 112 | In vitro | MPP+-induced SH-SY5Y cells | 12.5, 25, and 50 μM for 1 h | Induced protective autophagy to protect SH-SY5Y cells from MPP+-induced apoptosis, the cell viability of which improved by 12% at 25 μM | Li et al. (2019) | |
| Gastroprotective activity | ||||||
| SNEE | in vivo | Ethanol-induced gastric ulcer mice | 5–500 mg/kg | At dose of 500 mg/kg, the extract was as effective as lansoprazole in reducing all parameters of peptic ulcer in both models | El-Meligy et al. (2015) | |
| SNFME | in vivo | Gastric ulcer rats | 200 and 400 mg/kg | Gastric secretory volume, acidity, pepsin secretion ↓ | Jainu and Devi (2006) | |
| Hypoglycemic activity | ||||||
| SNFWE | in vivo | Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic rats | 1 g/L for 8 weeks | Ca/Mg ratio, plasma glucose, HDL, LDL, VLDL, cholesterol, triglyceride ↓ | Sohrabipour et al. (2013) | |
| Antimalarial activity | ||||||
| 79 | in vivo | Plasmodium yoelii-infected mice | 7.5 mg/kg for 4 days | At a dose of 7.50 mg/kg, the parasitemia suppressions of solamargine were 64.89%, respectively | Chen et al. (2010) | |
| 100 | in vivo | Plasmodium yoelii-infected mice | 7.5 mg/kg for 4 days | At a dose of 7.50 mg/kg, the parasitemia suppressions of solasonine were 57.47%, respectively | Chen et al. (2010) | |
| CNS-depressant activity | ||||||
| SNFEE | in vivo | Wistar rats and CD1 mice | 51, 127.5, and 255 mg/kg | Exploratory and aggressive behavior↓; locomotor activity↓; pentobarbital-induced sleeping time ↑ | Perez et al. (1998) | |
| Hypolipidemic activity | ||||||
| SNWE | in vitro | 3T3L1 cells model | 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 mg/ml | PPARα, CPT-1 ↑; FaS, HMG-CoR↓; amount and lipid content of adipocytes ↓; inhibiting lipogenesis | Peng et al. (2020) | |
| SNSEE | in vivo | Triton-induced hyperlipidemic rats | 200 and 400 mg/kg | Total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol ↓; HDL cholesterol ↑ | Sohrabipour et al. (2013) | |
Note: NM, not mentioned; SNWE, water extracts of S. nigrum; SNPE, polyphenol extracts of S. nigrum; SNEE, ethanol extracts of S. nigrum; SNTA, total alkaloids of S. nigrum; SNFME, Methanol extracts of S. nigrum fruits; SNCE, chloroform Extracts of S. nigrum; SNFEE, ethanol extracts of S. nigrum fruits; SNFP, Polysaccharide from S. nigrum fruit; SNFEAE, Ethyl acetate extracts of S. nigrum fruit; SNCFE, chloroform Fraction extracts of S. nigrum; SNFPEFE, Petroleum ether fraction extracts of S. nigrum fruit; SNCP, Crude Polysaccharides from S. nigrum; SNFBFE, n-butanol fraction extracts of S. nigrum fruit; SNWSP, water-soluble polysaccharides from S. nigrum; SNLME, methanol extracts of S. nigrum leaves; SNLCME, chloroform: methanol (1:1 v/v) extracts of S. nigrum leaves; SNFMWE, methanol-water (8:2 v/v) extracts of S. nigrum fruit; SNLEAE,Ethyl acetate extracts of S. nigrum leaves; SNLEE, ethanol extracts of S. nigrum leaves; SNFWE, water extracts of S. nigrum fruits; SNL, S. nigrum leaves; SNSEE, ethanol extracts of S. nigrum seeds.