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. 2022 Aug 16;13:960909. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.960909

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Copyright © 2022 Papait, Ragni, Cargnoni, Vertua, Romele, Masserdotti, Perucca Orfei, Signoroni, Magatti, Silini, De Girolamo and Parolini

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Summary figure hAMSC secrete factors able to modulate the immune system. This study demonstrates that the EV fraction of the hAMSC secretome has a negligible immunomodulatory effect while the EV-free fraction is the active component.