TABLE 1.
Summary of lncRNAs undergoing differential expression in non-severe and severe COVID-19 cases. Relative levels of up and downregulation of the lncRNA are presented by + and −, respectively.
| lncRNA | Non-severe | Severe | Sample type | Function of lncRNA | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NEAT1 | ++ | ++++ | PMBCs, NBHE and BALF | Activates M1 macrophage; directs DC differentiation; enhances pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion | (Tang et al., 2020; Vishnubalaji et al., 2020; Moazzam-Jazi et al., 2021; Huang et al., 2022) |
| MALAT1 | ++ | ++++ | PMBCs, NBHE and BALF | ||
| XIST | ++++ | + | PBMCs | Supresses NF-κB activation and NLRP3 inflammasome; promotes M2 macrophage differentiation | Cheng et al., 2021 |
| LINC01619 | +++ | + | PBMCs | Overexpression enhances cell viability and alleviates oxidative stress | |
| LINC00278 | − | ++ | PBMCs | Promotes apoptosis | |
| lncRNA | Infected | Sample type | Function of lncRNA | Reference | |
| CEBPA-DT | +++ | PBMCs | Supresses IFN-γ expression | Moazzam-Jazi et al., 2021 | |
| GJA9-MYCBP | +++ | Cell-free plasms | Increases IL-6 and IL-6R expression | Wang et al., 2022 | |
| H19 | ++++ | BALF | Increase IL-17 and IL23 expression | Moazzam-Jazi et al., 2021 | |
| SNHG6 | + | BALF | Activate TGF-β/Smad pathway by binding to UPF1 | ||
| EGOT | +++ | Viral infected Calu3 cell line | Downregulates IFN-I responses | Mukherjee et al., 2021 | |
| WAKMAR2 | +++ | Viral infected Calu3 cell line | Limits inflammatory cytokines during wound recovery | ||