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. 2022 Aug 16;9:944171. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.944171

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Copyright © 2022 El-Husseiny, Mady, Ma, Hamabe, Takahashi and Tanaka.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Scatter plots with bars of the IVPG indices in different groups. Data presented as mean ± SD. The total IVPG showed no significant change among different study groups (A). Basal IVPG was significantly increased in MI/HF– and MI/HF+ groups compared to the Sham one (B). The mid-IVPG (C) and the mid-to-apical IVPG (D) presented a significant decline in MI/HF– and MI/HF+ groups compared to the Sham group. The apical IVPG decreased significantly in the MI/HF+ group compared to the other groups (E). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ****p < 0.0001.