Table 3. Causes of the 117 Deaths in the Cohort .
| Causes of deatha | Deaths, No. (%) |
|---|---|
| Heart disease | 17 (14.5) |
| Cancer | 17 (14.5) |
| Liver and intrahepatic bile ducts | 4 (3.4) |
| Trachea, bronchus, and lung | 3 (2.6) |
| Prostate | 2 (1.7) |
| Colon, rectum, and anus | 2 (1.7) |
| Bladder | 1 (1.0) |
| Stomach | 1 (1.0) |
| Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 1 (1.0) |
| Multiple myeloma and myeloproliferative disorders | 1 (1.0) |
| Corpus uteri and uterus | 1 (1.0) |
| All other and unspecified malignant neoplasms (leiomyosarcoma) | 1 (1.0) |
| Drug overdose | 14 (12.0) |
| Polysubstanceb | 6 (5.1) |
| Cocaine | 3 (2.6) |
| Amphetamines | 3 (2.6) |
| Opioids | 2 (1.7) |
| Chronic lower respiratory diseases | 11 (9.4) |
| Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis | 8 (6.8) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 7 (6.0) |
| Accidents | 6 (5.1) |
| Pneumonia | 5 (4.3) |
| Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis | 4 (3.4) |
| COVID-19 | 3 (2.6) |
| Diabetes | 3 (2.6) |
| HIV | 3 (2.6) |
| Homicide | 2 (1.7) |
| Other digestive diseases (gastrointestinal hemorrhage) | 2 (1.7) |
| All other diseases (amyloidosis) | 1 (1.0) |
| Psychoactive substance use disorder | 1 (1.0) |
| Missing | 13 (11.1) |
a
Causes of death based on the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision underlying cause of death codes.
b
Of the 6 polysubstance-related deaths, 1 was attributed to alcohol and cocaine and 1 to cocaine and methamphetamine; the causes of the other 4 deaths were not further specified.