Fig. 1.

A putative mechanism of the mediators of pruritus in keloids and the effect of different treatment modalities. Green line: activation; red line: inhibition; 5-FU: 5- fluorouracil; BTA: botulinum toxin A; CaV: voltage gated calcium channel; CTGF: connective tissue growth factor; TGF-b: GABA: gamma aminobutyric acid; HBOT: hyperbaric oxygen therapy; IL: interleukin; Ra: receptor alpha; KAL: ketamine amitriptyline lidocaine; M2: type 2 macrophage; MOR: mu opioid receptor; NaV: voltage gated sodium channel; NGF: nerve growth factor; NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartate; OSMRb: oncostatin M receptor beta; PDL: pulse dye laser; SP: substance P; TGF-b: transforming growth factor beta; Th2: type 2 helper T cell; TRP: transient receptor potential; TRPV: transient receptor potential vanilloid.