Table 1.
List of Cannabinoids and Their Effect on Various Cancer Models..
| Cannabinoid | Reported effect | Model used in the experiment | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Δ9-THC, WIN-55,212-2 | Inhibit on VEGF, PIGF, and Ang 2 | Numerous cancer cell lines | Blázquez et al, 18 Casanova et al, 19 Portella et al 20 |
| WIN-55,212-2, HU210, AEA, Δ9-THC | Stimulate EGFR and enhance cell reproduction | NCI-H292 cells (lung) | Portella et al 20 |
| SCC-9 cells (squamous cell carcinoma) | |||
| 5637 cells (bladder) | |||
| U373-MG cells (glioblastoma) | |||
| 1321N1 cells (astrocytoma) | |||
| A494 cells (kidney) | |||
| Δ9-THC | Down-regulate TIMP-1 and MMP-2 | Glioma cell lines | Casanova et al 19 |
| JWH-133 | Human tumors from patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme | ||
| Nude mice xenografted with C6.9 glioma cells | |||
| Two patients with glioblastoma multiforme | |||
| CBD | |||
| Down-regulate MMP-2 | 4T1.2 cells | Seltzer et al 29 | |
| MTV-1 tumors | Δ9-THC, 2-AG | ||
| Increase cellular progression | LNCaP cells | Deryugina and Quigley, 31 Kleifeld and Overall, 32 Roomi et al 34 | |
| PC3 cells | AEA | ||
| Cause cellular regression | LNCaP cells | Deryugina and Quigley, 31 Kleifeld and Overall, 32 Roomi et al 34 | |
| PC3 cells | AEA | ||
| Decrease cell viability | DU145 cells | Blázquez et al 35 | |
| LNCaP cells | |||
| PC3 cells | 2-AG | ||
| Increase cellular proliferation | PC3 cells | Casanovas et al 36 | |
| Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) | CBD | ||
| Decrease in F4/80-positive and Arginase-I-positive cells | Breast cancer xenografts | Deryugina and Quigley 31 | |
| Lung metastases | CBD | ||
| Produce less CCL3, MIP-2 proteins, and GM-CSF | 4T1.2 cells | Deryugina and Quigley 31 | Δ9-THC |
| Induce an apoptotic effect via p8-mediated autophagy | Glioma cells | Elbaz et al, 38 Ebos et al 39 | CBD |
| Halt glioblastoma multiforme growth | Tumor bearing mice | Mimeault et al 42 | Δ9-THC |
| Autophagic effects | Mitochondria | Handsley and Edwards 44 | WIN-55,212-2 |
| Stimulate autophagy | Mantle cell lymphoma and pancreatic, breast, glioma, and hepatocellular carcinoma cells | McKallip et al, 45 Sánchez et al 41 | Δ9-THC |
| activate p53 which triggered the apoptotic cascade | Cultured cortical neurons | Singer et al 50 | Anandamide |
| Increase cellular proliferation | Glioma stem cells (GSCs), glioma cells | Lorente et al, 51 Salazar et al 52 | SR141716A |
| CBD | |||
| Switches off Id1 and has a role in the advancement of breast cancer and metastasis in the lungs | Breast cancer | Salazar et al, 57 De Petrocellis et al 58 | |
| Metastasis in the lungs | |||
| 4T1-derived tumors | CBD | ||
| Decline migration and viability | A549 cells | Egeblad and Werb 27 | Δ9-THC, MA, JWH-133 |
| AEA, JWH-133 | |||
| Inhibit the adrenaline activated migration | SW480 cells | De Petrocellis et al 58 | |
| MDA-MB-468 cells | Met-F-AEA | ||
| Decrease in both the size and number of metastatic nodules | MDA-MB-231 cells | Sarfaraz et al 60 | CBD |
| Decrease in HIF-1α | Normoxic cells in U87-MG | Sarnataro et al 63 |
Abbreviations: Δ9-THC, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; PIGF, phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis class F; Ang 2, angiopoietin-2; AEA, N-arachidonoylethanolamine, arachidonoylethanolamide, anandamide; CBD, cannabidiol; MMP-2, matrix metalloproteinase-2; TIMP1, tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase 1; 2-AG, 2-arachidonoylglycerol; CCL3, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3; GM-CSF, CSF2, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor; Met-F-AEA2, methyl-2′-F-anandamid; WIN-55,212-2, (11R)-2-methyl-11-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(naphthalen-1-yl)carbonyl]-9-oxa-1-azatricyclo[6.3.1.0^{4,12}]dodeca-2,4,6,8(12)-tetraene; HU210, (6aR,10aR)-9-(hydroxymethyl)-6,6-dimethyl-3-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol; JWH 133, (6aR,10aR)-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-(2-methylpentan-2-yl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromene.