Table 3.

Study characteristics of suicide and self-harm.

	Author	Year	Study design	Country	Total sample	Age	Outcome	Childhood adversities	Focus of study
1	Björkenstam et al. 30	December 2011–June 2012	Cohort study	Sweden	548,721	Individual born between 1987 and 1991 and childhood adversities before 15 age years old	Suicide	Childhood adversities before 15 age years old Parental death 1. Parental substance abuse 2. Parental crime 3. Parental psychiatric disorder 4. Parental separation 5. Receipt Public assistance 6. Residential instability	Childhood adversities are a risk factor for suicide
2	Carr et al. 31	Danish Data Protection Agency	Cohort study	Denmark	1,698,821	Adolescents with parental death before 15 age years old	Self-harm	Parental death during childhood	Self-harm was increased following parental death during childhood
3	Guvendeger Doksat et al. 32	January 2011–December 2013	Longitudinal	Turkey	2518	Children and adolescents	History of suicide attempts (HAS)	Parental separation/divorce, parental mental disorder, alcohol, and drug use, and crime	Parental separation/divorce, parental mental disorder, alcohol, and drug use, and crime were the risk of HSA
4	Lee et al. 33	-	Retrospective Cohort Design	Taiwan	40,249 Comparison (N = 398,081)	Individual born 1978–1997 0–31 age years old	Suicide	Parental suicide	Individuals with parental suicide more likely to die by suicide
5	Mathew et al. 34	2014	Qualitative	India	22	Adolescents: 7 Young adult: 15	Suicide attempts	Parental conflicts and separation, conflict with a sibling, and marital disharmony	Hostile family environment contributed to suicidal behavior among adolescents and young adult
6	Park and Park 35	2017–2018	Longitudinal study	Korea	118,715	Middle and high school students	Suicidal behavior	Remarriage and loss of parents	Suicidal behavior was related to the remarriage and loss of parents among adolescents
7	Spremo 36	2020	Cross-sectional	Bosnia	590	14–18 age years old	Suicidal ideas	Incomplete families (divorce)	Children with incomplete families were thinking about suicidal
8	Stansfeld et al. 37	2008	Cohort Study	UK	9377 female	7, 11, and 16	Suicidal attempts	Childhood adversity	Childhood adversity was a predictor of suicidal attempts among adolescents
9	Thompson et al. 38	2001–2002	Cohort study	USA	1073	More than 18 years old	Suicidal attempts	Parental divorce and maternal paternal alcohol problems	The individual who experience a parental divorce as children or adolescents and who have parental alcohol abuse are more likely for suicidal attempts
10	Wang et al. 39	2016	Cross-sectional	China	6284	15–25	Suicidal ideation in the past 12 months	Parental separation	Family factors had the most influence on suicidal ideation
11	Yoon et al. 40	-	Longitudinal	Korea	8609	>19 years old	Suicidal ideation	Childhood experience of parental death (CEPD)	CEPD was related to suicidal ideation