Table 5.

Study characteristics for depression.

	Author	Year	Study design	Country	Total sample	Age	Outcome	Childhood adversities	Focus of study
1	Björkenstam et al. 43	-	Cohort study	Sweden	478,141	Individuals born in 1984–1988 Before 23 years old	Depression	Childhood adversities (CA)	CA predicted depression
2	Bohman et al. 18	-	Case-control study	Sweden	382	Adolescent	Major depression disorder (MDD) in adulthood	Separated parents	Parental separation was associated with an increase in depression
3	Dahl et al. 44	-	Prospective, cohort study	Denmark	978,647	All individuals born between 1980 and 1988, before 18 years old	Depression	Exposure Adversity included parental illness, incarceration, death, disability, and psychiatric diagnosis, family disruption, out of home, and childhood abuse	All adversities were significantly associated with increased risk for moderate to severe depression
4	Guang et al. 45	December 2012–June 2013	Cross-sectional design	China	6227	7–17 years old	Depression	Left behind children: parents migrating to work in cities	LBC is more stressed and depressed compared to NLBC
5	Kravdal and Grundy 46	2004	Case-control	Norway	1,125,257	20–44 age years old	Depression	Experiencing Parental divorce aged 0–20 age years old	Children who were aged 15–19 when their parents divorced were less likely to purchase antidepressants
6	Pham et al. 47	-	Case-control study	USA	216 youths who lost a parent 172 youths non-parental death	7–18 age years old	Depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and functional impairment	Parental death	Youth with parental death showed higher depression
7	Sun et al. 48	-	Longitudinal study	China	1620 students of elementary school	8–15	Depression	LBC more than 6 months	LBC was a predictor of depression