Table 6.

Study characteristics for tobacco smoking and alcohol abuse.

	Author	Year	Study design	Country	Total sample	Age	Outcome	Childhood adversities	Focus of study
1	Lindström and Rosvall 49	2012	Cross-sectional	Sweden	28,029	18–80	Tobacco smoking	Parental divorce	Parental divorce was related to tobacco smoking among children
2	Jabbour et al. 50	January and May 2019	Cross-sectional	Lebanon	1810	Mean Age: 15.42 years old	Alcohol abuse, higher cigarette, higher water pipe	Parental divorce	Parental divorce is correlated to higher alcohol and smoking
3	Waldron et al. 51	-	Longitudinal Study	USA	3539	African America Twin: 17.22 European American Twins: 3539	Problem drinking	Parental separation, mothers who have a history of problem drinking	Parental divorce as moderator risk to children of mothers with a history of problem drinking
4	Watkins and Ohannessian 52	2016	Longitudinal study	USA	863	11–15 age years old	VAPE	Parental marital status (parental divorce)	Adolescents with parental divorce more likely to use VAPE