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. 2022 Aug 30;20:132. doi: 10.1186/s12964-022-00943-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — The pivotal role of HK2 in the glycolytic pathway. HK2 can catalyze the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P). Subsequently, G-6-P initiated the main pathway of glucose utilization, including glycolysis. There are five isotypes of HK family are founded in mammals: HK1, HK2, HK3, HK4 and HKDC1, the expression levels in various tissues and cells are different. HK1 is ubiquitous in mammalian tissues and has a high content in the brain. HK2 is a major regulated isoform in various types of tissues cell lines, and mainly found to be expressed in musculoskeletal system and heart cells. HK3 was mainly distributed in bone marrow, lung and spleen. HK4 regulates insulin secretion, glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis and decomposition in liver. HKDC1 is widely expressed in the pharynx, thymus, colon, and eyes