TABLE 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics among Asian Americans versus non‐Asian Americans with NAFLD using CAP cutoff ≥ 274 dB/m
| CAP ≥ 274 dB/m | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Asian American a | Non‐Asian American b | p value | |
| Demographics | |||
| Age (years) | 45.83 (43.47–48.19) | 49.84 (48.72–50.96) | 0.009 |
| Female | 42.38 (34.57–50.19) | 44.94 (41.26–48.63) | 0.532 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.35 (28.83–29.86) | 34.18 (33.45–34.92) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 98.33 (96.46–100.19) | 111.87 (109.98–113.75) | <0.0001 |
| Any smoking history | 23.46 (16.12–32.05) | 41.81 (37.62–46.09) | <0.001 |
| Current smoking | 9.87 (4.45–18.00) | 13.13 (10.36–16.29) | 0.398 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Obesity | 58.54 (50.89–66.19) | 70.35 (64.91–75.78) | 0.0168 |
| Prediabetes | 58.84 (48.46–68.72) | 54.97 (50.94–58.97) | 0.466 |
| Diabetes | 25.47 (19.06–32.67) | 22.62 (19.16–26.34) | 0.459 |
| Hypertension | 41.15 (33.51–49.09) | 44.03 (38.13–50.05) | 0.526 |
| WBC (1000 cells/μL) | 7.77 (7.40–8.15) | 7.82 (7.61–8.02) | 0.846 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.24 (13.92–14.56) | 14.43 (14.29–14.58) | 0.300 |
| Platelets (1000 cells/μL) | 252.03 (238.67–265.39) | 251.35(244.38–258.31) | 0.918 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 41.66 (41.11–42.22) | 40.59 (40.19–41.00) | 0.003 |
| ALP (IU/L) | 77.34 (74.91–79.77) | 80.24 (78.12–82.35) | 0.032 |
| ALT (U/L) | 29.56 (26.31–32.81) | 26.48 (25.27–27.68) | 0.050 |
| AST (U/L) | 24.15 (22.05–26.25) | 22.12 (21.3–22.93) | 0.045 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.45 (0.40–0.51) | 0.45 (0.43–0.48) | 0.995 |
| Total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dL | 42.17 (34.11–50.51) | 39.30 (32.91–45.94) | 0.495 |
| HDL < 40 mg/dL | 27.05 (17.96–37.66) | 26.47 (21.39–32.01) | 0.903 |
| LDL ≥ 160 mg/dL | 13.84 (6.87–23.63) | 10.64 (7.47–14.48) | 0.334 |
| Triglycerides ≥ 200 mg/dL | 29.5 (17.16–44.29) | 16.23 (11.75–21.49) | 0.028 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.02 (5.85–6.20) | 5.97 (5.90–6.05) | 0.659 |
| Median CAP (IQR) | 310.92 (292; 344.02) | 314.70 (292.83; 347.41) | 0.5735 c |
| Median LSM (IQR) | 5.18 (4.30; 6.10) | 5.38 (4.30; 6.81) | 0.1146 c |
| ≥F2 | 10.01 (5.67–15.89) | 15.46 (11.54–20.01) | 0.103 |
| ≥F3 | 7.32 (3.65–12.66) | 10.07 (7.55–13.05) | 0.344 |
| F4 | 2.48 (0.64–6.24) | 5.02 (3.35–7.12) | 0.184 |
| FAST score | 0.18 (0.15–0.21) | 0.17 (0.16–0.18) | 0.390 |
| FAST score ≥ 0.67 | 3.43 (0.03; 6.83) | 2.93 (2.02; 3.83) | 0.7591 |
Note: Values show mean or percentage (95% CI). NAFLD is defined using CAP ≥ 274 dB/m. ≥F2, ≥F3, and F4 were defined by liver stiffness measurements ≥8.2, ≥9.7, and ≥13.6, respectively. Obesity is defined as BMI ≥ 27.5 kg/m2 for Asian Americans or BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 for non‐Asian Americans.
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CAP, controlled attenuation parameter; CI, confidence interval; FAST, FibroScan aspartate aminotransferase; F2, stage 2 fibrosis; F3, stage 3 fibrosis; F4, stage 4 fibrosis; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; IQR, interquartile range; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; LSM, liver stiffness measurement; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; WBC, white blood count.
Unweighted count, n = 183; weighted count, n = 3,426,780.
Unweighted count, n = 1390; weighted count, n = 66,451,377.
This comparison was conducted using Wilcoxon test.