TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of the patients
| Initial treatment before combination therapy | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Tofogliflozin group (n = 20) | Pioglitazone group (n = 12) | ||
| Age (years) | 58.6 ± 12.5 | 58.3 ± 7.5 | 0.9305 |
| Men, n (%) | 12 (60) | 6 (50) | 0.5810 |
| Weight (kg) | 77.9 ± 15.8 | 82.9 ± 15.5 | 0.3885 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.6 ± 4.9 | 31.5 ± 5.3 | 0.3111 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 100.8 ± 10.3 | 103.7 ± 11.4 | 0.4625 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 4.45 ± 0.26 | 4.46 ± 0.22 | 0.8818 |
| AST (IU/ml) | 53.0 ± 23.1 | 70.1 ± 43.5 | 0.1556 |
| ALT (IU/ml) | 82.2 ± 39.7 | 82.2 ± 22.1 | 0.9989 |
| ALP (IU/ml) | 252.3 ± 70.7 | 286.5 ± 88.0 | 0.2356 |
| GGT (IU/ml) | 64.9 ± 26.0 | 103.8 ± 134.5 | 0.2145 |
| CHE (IU/ml) | 382.6 ± 40.4 | 388.3 ± 45.4 | 0.7106 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.74 ± 0.17 | 0.75 ± 0.16 | 0.9009 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 78.3 ± 15.8 | 73.7 ± 9.4 | 0.3625 |
| FPG (mg/dl) | 144.1 ± 51.5 | 151.1 ± 46.8 | 0.7016 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.24 ± 0.90 | 7.33 ± 0.64 | 0.7434 |
| HOMA‐IR | 6.53 ± 4.32 | 7.26 ± 5.06 | 0.6710 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 190.6 ± 33.0 | 190.8 ± 27.0 | 0.9801 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 153.0 ± 64.9 | 150.7 ± 62.6 | 0.9213 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 56.7 ± 12.3 | 56.7 ± 16.8 | 0.9949 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 112.6 ± 28.2 | 112.3 ± 26.0 | 0.9829 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 133.2 ± 10.8 | 143.0 ± 23.5 | 0.1173 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 84.5 ± 11.4 | 88.3 ± 15.5 | 0.4017 |
| Uric acid (mg/dl) | 5.74 ± 1.06 | 5.62 ± 0.94 | 0.7425 |
| Platelet count (×103/μl) | 251.2 ± 61.0 | 238.8 ± 72.5 | 0.6077 |
| MRI‐PDFF (%) | 17.0 ± 5.6 | 16.5 ± 6.0 | 0.8347 |
| MRE‐LSM (kPa) | 3.01 ± 0.85 | 3.57 ± 1.56 | 0.1974 |
| WFA+‐M2BP (COI) | 0.80 ± 0.41 | 1.03 ± 0.59 | 0.1989 |
| Type IV collagen 7S (ng/ml) | 4.36 ± 1.03 | 4.17 ± 1.47 | 0.6739 |
| Uric 8‐OHdG (ng/ml) | 18.2 ± 10.0 | 17.2 ± 11.1 | 0.7893 |
| Adiponectin (μg/ml) | 5.08 ± 3.26 | 7.03 ± 3.04 | 0.1047 |
| Acetoacetic acid (μmol/L) | 32.5 ± 22.9 | 35.6 ± 21.0 | 0.7066 |
| 3‐Hydroxybutyric acid (μmol/L) | 64.3 ± 50.2 | 67.8 ± 70.1 | 0.8675 |
| Ketone body (μmol/L) | 96.8 ± 72.6 | 103.4 ± 88.7 | 0.8186 |
| CK18 fragment M30 (U/L) | 719.3 ± 520.1 | 668.7 ± 370.9 | 0.7511 |
| Medication of diabetes (n) | |||
| Metformin | 8 | 4 | |
| DPP‐4 inhibitor | 7 | 3 | |
| Sulfonylurea | 4 | 1 | |
| Alpha‐GI | 1 | 0 | |
Note: Data are presented as mean ± SD; *p < 0.05.
Abbreviations: 8‐OHdG, 8‐hydroxy‐deoxyguanosine; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; AST, aspartate transaminase; BMI, body mass index; CK‐18, cytokeratin 18; CHE, cholinesterase; COI, cutoff index; DPP‐4, dipeptidyl peptidase‐4; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GGT, gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase; GI, glucosidase inhibitor; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; LSM, liver stiffness measurement.