TABLE 3.
BALF analyses of cytokines in CLAD patients
| IL‐1β | IL‐1RA | IL‐2 | IL‐4 | IL‐5 | IL‐6 | IL‐7 | IL‐9 | IL‐10 | IL‐12 | IL‐13 | IL‐15 | IL‐16 | IL‐23 | TNF‐α | IFN‐γ | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BOS vs. stable LTR | |||||||||||||||||
| Fisichella et al. [17] | ↑ | = | = | = | = | = | ↓ | ↓ | = | = | = | = | Increased IL‐15, IL‐17, and TNF‐α 6‐12m post‐transplant was predictive of early‐onset BOS | ||||
| Meloni et al. [18] | = | ↓ | = | Lower levels of IL‐12 were predictive of BOS | |||||||||||||
| Vos et al. [76] | = | ||||||||||||||||
| Elssner et al. [21] | = | = | |||||||||||||||
| Belperio et al. [29] | = | ↑ | = | = | Increased IL‐1RA preceded BOS onset | ||||||||||||
| Laan et al. [23] | = | No difference at any time point | |||||||||||||||
| Vanaudenaerde et al. [26] | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | |||||||||||||
| Borthwick et al. [30] | ↑ | ↑ | Increased after BOS compared to before | ||||||||||||||
| Berastegui et al. [31] | = | = | = | = | = | = | ↑ | ||||||||||
| Yang et al. [13] | = | ||||||||||||||||
| Keane et al. [84] | |||||||||||||||||
|
BOS vs. stable LTR fibrotic BOS vs. stable LTR treated BOS vs. stable LTR |
= = = |
↑ ↑ ↑ |
|||||||||||||||
| Verleden et al. [22] | IL‐1β correlated with BALF neutrophils | ||||||||||||||||
|
neutrophilic BOS vs. stable LTR neutrophilic vs. non‐neutr. BOS non‐neutrophilic BOS vs. stable |
↑ ↑ = |
= = = |
|||||||||||||||
|
Verleden et al. [32] neutrophilic BOS vs. stable LTR non‐neutrophilic BOS vs. stable neutrophilic vs. non‐neutr. BOS |
↑ = ↑ |
↑ = = |
= = = |
↑ = = |
↑ = ↑ |
= = = |
= = = |
= = = |
|||||||||
|
Suwara et al. [33] ARAD vs. stable LTR PAN vs. stable LTR |
↑ ↑ |
↑ ↑ |
= ↑ |
= ↑ |
Increased IL‐1α after BOS compared to pre‐BOS | ||||||||||||
| Future BOS vs. stable LTR | |||||||||||||||||
| Ramirez et al. [73] | = | = | = | = | = | = | = | ||||||||||
| Scholma et al. [39] | ↑ | Increased IL‐6 correlated with increased BOS risk | |||||||||||||||
| Stable LTR with high neutrophil count vs. low neutrophil count | |||||||||||||||||
| Vandermeulen et al. [41] | ↑ | ↑ | = | ↑ | ↑ | = | ↑ | ↑ | = | = | = | ↑ | = | Correlation between IL‐1β and IL‐4, IL‐8, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, and CCL11. Correlating trend between IL‐1β and CLAD‐free survival (p = 0.084) | |||
| RAS vs. stable LTR | |||||||||||||||||
| Suwara et al. [33] | = | = | ↑ | = | |||||||||||||
| Yang et al. [13] | = | ||||||||||||||||
| Berastegui et al. [31] | |||||||||||||||||
|
vs. stable LTR vs. BOS |
= = |
↑ ↑ |
= = |
= = |
= = |
= = |
↑ = |
||||||||||
| Verleden et al. [32] | IL‐6 was associated with survival after RAS diagnosis | ||||||||||||||||
|
vs. stable LTR vs. non‐neutrophilic BOS vs. neutrophilic BOS |
↑ = = |
↑ ↑ = |
= = = |
= = = |
= = = |
↑ ↑ ↑ |
= = = |
= = = |
= = = |
||||||||
| Other | |||||||||||||||||
| Verleden et al. [85] |
High IL‐6 levels first 24h post‐transplant correlated with better CLAD‐free and graft survival IL‐6 correlated with BALF neutrophils and IL‐8 |
||||||||||||||||
| Neujahr et al. [78] | No correlation IL‐1RA, IL‐13 or IL‐17 during first year post‐transplant and future BOS or graft failure | ||||||||||||||||
Overview of studies showing BALF analyses of cytokines in CLAD patients.
↑: increase; ↓: decrease; =: stable; ARAD: azithromycin‐reversible allograft dysfunction; BALF: bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; BOS: bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome; CLAD: chronic lung allograft dysfunction; LTR: lung transplant recipients; PAN: persistent airway neutrophilia; RAS: restrictive allograft syndrome; other: see Table 1.