TABLE 4.
BALF analyses of chemokines in CLAD patients
| CCL2/MCP‐1 | CCL3/MIP‐1α | CCL4/MIP‐1β | CCL5/RANTES | CCL7/MCP‐3 | CCL11/eotaxin‐1 | CCL17/TARC | CCL18/PARC | CCL19/MIP‐3β | CCL20/MIP‐3α | CCL22/MDC | CCL25/eotaxin‐3 | CXCL5/ENA‐78 | CXCL6/GCP‐2 | CXCL9/MIG | CXCL10/IP‐10 | CXCL11/ITAC | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BOS vs. stable LTR | ||||||||||||||||||
| Fisichella et al. [17] | ↓ | = | = | ↑ | = | ↑ | ||||||||||||
| Meloni et al. [18] | ↑ | = | ||||||||||||||||
| Belperio et al. [87] | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | Levels were not increased 4.5m before BOS onset | ||||||||||||||
| Belperio et al. [86] | ↑ | Sources of CCL2 were airway epithelium and mononuclear cells | ||||||||||||||||
| Reynaud et al. [27] | ↑ | ↑ | CCL2 correlated with BALF neutrophils and IL‐8 | |||||||||||||||
|
Verleden et al. [22] neutrophilic vs. non‐neutr. BOS |
↑ |
↑ |
CCL2 and CCL5 correlated with BALF neutrophils | |||||||||||||||
|
Verleden et al. [32] neutrophilic BOS vs. stable LTR neutrophilic vs. non‐neutr. BOS non‐neutr. BOS vs. stable LTR |
↑ ↑ = |
↑ = = |
= = = |
↑ = = |
↓ ↓ = |
= = = |
= = = |
= = = |
= = = |
|||||||||
|
Sinclair et al. [80] BOS and stable LTR vs. healthy controls |
↑ |
|||||||||||||||||
| Future BOS vs. future stable LTR | ||||||||||||||||||
| Meloni et al. [88] | = | = | = | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | = | Increased CCL19, CCL20 and CCL22 levels at 6m post‐transplant predicted BOS onset. | ||||||||||
| Scholma et al. [39] | = | Increased CCL2 correlated with BOS risk. | ||||||||||||||||
| Reynaud et al. [27] | ↑ | ↑ | ||||||||||||||||
| Stable LTR with neutrophil high vs. low counts | ||||||||||||||||||
| Vandermeulen et al. [41] | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | = | = | = | = | ↑ | ||||||||
| RAS vs. stable LTR | ||||||||||||||||||
| Yang et al. [13] | = | Trend towards increased CXCL10 (p=.08). | ||||||||||||||||
|
Verleden et al. [32] vs. stable LTR vs. non‐neutrophilic BOS vs. neutrophilic BOS |
↑ = = |
↑ ↑ = |
↑ ↑ = |
= = = |
= = ↑ |
= = = |
= = = |
= = = |
↑ = = |
= = = |
CXCL10 and CXCL11 were associated with survival after RAS diagnosis. | |||||||
| Other | ||||||||||||||||||
| Meloni et al. [88] | No difference in CCR4, ‐6, or ‐7 expression but higher density of CCR6 in future BOS vs. stable LTR with increased CCR4 and ‐6 expression on CD68+ cells | |||||||||||||||||
| Agostini et al. [89] | T‐cells expressing CXCR3 were found in areas of active obliterative bronchiolitis on transbronchial biopsies and BALF in BOS patients | |||||||||||||||||
| Belperio et al. [87] | Prolonged elevation of CXCR3 ligands correlated with increased CLAD risk | |||||||||||||||||
| Neujahr et al. [78] | Cumulative increased CXCL9 and CXCL10 during first year post‐transplant correlated with BOS and graft failure and preceded BOS onset by 3 and 9 months | |||||||||||||||||
| Neujahr, Agostini, Shino et al. [78, 89, 90] | CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCR3 were expressed by airway epithelial cells, mononuclear cells, and alveolar macrophages | |||||||||||||||||
Overview of studies showing BALF analyses of chemokines in CLAD patients.
↑: increase; ↓: decrease; =: stable; BALF: bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; BOS: bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome; CLAD: chronic lung allograft dysfunction; LTR: lung transplant recipients; RAS: restrictive allograft syndrome; other: see Table 1.