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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Aug 30.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Psychiatry. 2022 Mar 8;179(5):362–374. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.21060664

Table 4. Panel B.

Informant-reported memory and attention problems: Dose-response associations. Dose-response associations between persistence of cannabis use from age 18–45 and age-45 informant-reported memory and attention problems.

Panel B1. Exposure: Persistence of Cannabis Dependence Statistical Tests
Means for Informant-Reported Memory and Attention Problems as a Function of Persistence of Cannabis Dependencea Model 1: Adjusted for sex Model 2: +Adjustment for other substance useb Model 3: + Adjustment for childhood SES, low childhood self-control, and family history of substance dependencec
Exposure: Persistence of Cannabis Dependence Never used (n=249) Used but never diagnosed (N=487) 1 diagnosis (N=73) 2 diagnoses (N=31) 3 diagnoses (N=28) 4+ diagnoses (N=14) B 95% CI p β 95% CI p β 95% CI p
Informant Report
 Memory −0.16 −0.07 0.35 0.70 0.88 −0.02 0.20 0.13, 0.27 <.001 0.12 0.03, 0.20 .007 0.11 0.02, 0.19 .01
 Attention −0.13 −0.09 0.36 0.85 0.69 0.21 0.20 0.13, 0.27 <.001 0.16 0.07, 0.24 <.001 0.15 0.07, 0.23 <.001
Panel B2. Exposure: Persistence of Regular Cannabis Use Statistical Tests
Means for Informant-Reported Memory and Attention Problems as a Function of Persistence of Regular Cannabis Usea Model 1: Adjusted for sex Model 2: +Adjustment for other substance useb Model 3: + Adjustment for childhood SES, low childhood self-control, and family history of substance dependencec
Exposure: Persistence of Regular Cannabis Use Never used (n=249) Used but never regularly (n=503) Regularly used 1x (n=48) Regularly used 2x (n=30) Regularly used 3x (n=29) Regularly used 4+x (n=23) B 95% CI p β 95% CI p β 95% CI p
Informant Report
 Memory −0.16 −0.05 0.32 0.73 0.41 0.70 0.21 0.14, 0.28 <.001 0.13 0.05, 0.21 .002 0.12 0.04, 0.20 .005
 Attention −0.13 −0.06 0.30 0.67 0.48 0.60 0.19 0.12, 0.26 <.001 0.13 0.05, 0.21 .002 0.11 0.03, 0.19 .006

Note.

a.

Means represent unadjusted informant-reported memory and attention scores that were standardized (M=0, SD=1) on the full sample prior to analyses. Higher scores indicate worse memory and attention problems.

b.

Statistical tests were adjusted for sex and persistent use of tobacco, alcohol, and other illicit drugs.

c.

Statistical tests were adjusted for sex; persistent use of tobacco, alcohol, and other illicit drugs; low childhood SES; low childhood self-control; and family history of substance dependence. Beta coefficients represent standardized estimates. Bolded estimates are statistically significant (p<.05).