TABLE 1.
Gait analysis following the administration of ketamine and (2R,6R)-HNK. Computer analysis of gait form was performed 10 minutes following ketamine or (2R,6R)-HNK injection and assessed a variety of motor parameters using the DigiGait apparatus. The data shown are group means ± S.D. Two separate cohorts, one for each medication, testing two doses against saline control were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA. N = 11–12 for the ketamine cohort and N = 10 for the (2R,6R)-HNK cohort.
| Parameter | Treatment | Saline | 10 mg/kg (for Ket) 10 mg/kg (for HNK) | 30 mg/kg (for Ket) 50 mg/kg (for HNK) | Treatment effect | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brake/Stride Ratio (%) | Ketamine | Forepaw | 26.15 ± 7.35 | 29.06 ± 6.52 | 34.89 ± 9.27 | F(2, 65) = 7.433, P = 0.0012 |
| Hindpaw | 13.35 ± 5.41 | 17.81 ± 6.56 | 19.69 ± 7.43 | F(2, 65) = 5.849, P = 0.0046 | ||
| (2R,6R)-HNK | Forepaw | 33.44 ± 6.91 | 32.92 ± 6.17 | 30.36 ± 7.68 | n.s. | |
| Hindpaw | 15.36 ± 6.35 | 16.50 ± 7.59 | 16.29 ± 5.99 | n.s. | ||
| Propel/Stride Ratio (%) | Ketamine | Forepaw | 43.55 ± 7.13 | 39.62 ± 7.16 | 37.09 ± 9.91 | F(2, 65) = 3.689, P = 0.0304 |
| Hindpaw | 62.92 ± 7.32 | 60.46 ± 6.61 | 55.47 ± 8.83 | F(2, 65) = 5.612, P = 0.0056 | ||
| (2R,6R)-HNK | Forepaw | 37.88 ± 5.65 | 36.41 ± 6.36 | 38.89 ± 5.87 | n.s. | |
| Hindpaw | 62.00 ± 7.98 | 60.99 ± 8.42 | 61.59 ± 6.95 | n.s. | ||
| Paw Area Variability at Peak Stance (cm2) | Ketamine | Forepaw | 0.026 ± 0.008 | 0.036 ± 0.017 | 0.048 ± 0.022 | F(2, 65) = 9.973, P = 0.0002 |
| Hindpaw | 0.054 ± 0.026 | 0.057 ± 0.025 | 0.095 ± 0.045 | F(2, 65) = 10.89, P < 0.0001 | ||
| (2R,6R)-HNK | Forepaw | 0.036 ± 0.021 | 0.034 ± 0.016 | 0.031 ± 0.018 | n.s. | |
| Hindpaw | 0.050 ± 0.017 | 0.048 ± 0.023 | 0.039 ± .016 | n.s. | ||
| Propel Duration (seconds) | Ketamine | Forepaw | 0.177 ± 0.040 | 0.175 ± 0.046 | 0.142 ± 0.048 | F(2, 65) = 4.240, P = 0.0186 |
| Hindpaw | 0.250 ± 0.037 | 0.259 ± 0.051 | 0.224 ± 0.052 | F(2, 65) = 3.235, P = 0.0458 | ||
| (2R,6R)-HNK | Forepaw | 0.147 ± 0.030 | 0.144 ± 0.042 | 0.151 ± 0.025 | n.s. | |
| Hindpaw | 0.250 ± 0.052 | 0.254 ± 0.050 | 0.253 ± 0.051 | n.s. | ||
| Brake Duration (seconds) | Ketamine | Forepaw | 0.105 ± 0.029 | 0.127 ± 0.031 | 0.132 ± 0.038 | F(2, 65) = 4.577, P = 0.0138 |
| Hindpaw | 0.053 ± 0.024 | 0.076 ± 0.030 | 0.077 ± 0.028 | F(2, 65) = 5.602, P = 0.0057 | ||
| (2R,6R)-HNK | Forepaw | 0.130 ± 0.033 | 0.127 ± 0.026 | 0.120 ± 0.040 | n.s. | |
| Hindpaw | 0.061 ± 0.022 | 0.067 ± 0.029 | 0.065 ± 0.022 | n.s. |