Table 1.

The roles of exosomes in inflammation and angiogenesis following stroke.

Source	Cargoes	Recipient cell	Target molecules/pathways	Function	Ref.
MSCs	miR-542-3p	HA1800 cells (human glial cells)	TLR4	Prevent inflammatory response	[63]
MSCs	/	Astrocytes	Nrf2/NF-κB	Reduce the reactive astrogliosis and inflammation	[64]
BMSCs	miR-138-5p	Astrocytes	LCN2	Inhibit inflammation	[65]
Plasma	miRNAs	/	TLR4/NF-κB	Against inflammation and inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis	[66]
NPCs	miRNAs	BV2 microglia	MAPK	Inhibit inflammation	[67]
MSCs	miR-223-3p	BV2 microglia	Microglial M1 polarization	Inhibit inflammation	[74]
hUMSCs	miR-146a-5p	Microglia	IRAK1/TRAF6	Attenuate neuroinflammation	[75]
Serum	miR-27-3p	Microglia	PPARγ	Aggravate cerebral inflammation and promote microglia activation	[76]
BMSCs	miR-221-3p	Neurons	ATF3	Attenuate neuroinflammation and apoptosis	[78]
MSCs	miR-29b-3p	BMECs, neurons	PTEN, AKT	Promote angiogenesis and antiapoptosis	[112]
MSCs	miR-210	Cerebral vascular endothelial cells	integrin β3,VEGF, CD34	Promote angiogenesis	[114]
MSCs	/	Pheochromocytoma 12 cells, human umbilical vein endothelial cells	Neuronal nitric oxide synthases, arginase-1, microtubule-associated protein 2, TNF-α, IL-1β, COX2	Enhance angiogenesis and anti-inflammatory	[23]
MSCs	/	/	/	Promote angiogenesis, reduce macrophage infiltrate and microglia accumulate	[115]
MSCs	miRNAs	BMECs	VEGF, leukocyte transendothelial migration	Induce angiogenesis	[116]
MSCs	/	Endothelial cells, neuroblasts	Doublecortin, von Willebrand factor	Increase angiogenesis and enhance neurovascular remodeling	[117]
EPCs	miR-126	BMECs, neurons, astrocytes, microglia	VEGFR2, caspase-3	Promote angiogenesis	[122]
EPCs	miR-137	SH-SY5Y cells	COX2/PGE2	Against apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction
ADSCs	miR-181b-5p	BMECs	TRPM7	Promote angiogenesis	[126]
ADSCs	miR-126	Microglia, endothelial cells	TNF-α,IL-1β,von Willebrand factor	Promote angiogenesis, inhibit microglial activation and inflammatory response	[129]