Table 1.
Reports of kidney involvement in visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar).
| Reference | Number of cases | Age (years) | Sex | Immunosuppression | Kidney biopsy | Clinical presentation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duarte et al. (1983)37 | 21 | No | Interstitial nephritis | |||
| Dutra et al. (1985)38 | 7 | No | Diffuse proliferative lesion | AKI Proteinuria |
||
| Caravaca et al. (1991)39 | 1 | 33 | M | No | Interstitial nephritis | AKI |
| Leblond et al. (1994)40 | 1 | 16 | F | No | Collapsing segmental and focal glomerular sclerosis | AKI Proteinuria |
| Chaigne et al. (2004)41 | 1 | 20 | M | No | Necrotizing segmental and focal glomerular sclerosis | AKI Nephrotic syndrome |
| Kumar et al. (2004)33 | 1 | 29 | F | No | Membranoproliferative lesion | Fever |
| Navarro et al. (2006)34 | 1 | 28 | M | HIV | AA amyloid glomerular deposits, no mesangial hyperplasia | Nephrotic syndrome AKI |
| Efstratiadis et al. (2006)42 | 1 | 65 | M | No | Chronic tubulo-interstitial nephritis, arteriolosclerosis | AKI |
| Lima Verde et al. (2007)32 | 50 | 18–55 | M (83%) | No | No | AKI (28%) Concentration defect (68%) Acidification defect (64%) |
| Alex et al. (2008)43 | 1 | 32 | F | HIV | Tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, mononuclear infiltrate, mesangial hyperplasia, peritubular Leishmania-loaded histiocytes | Nephrotic syndrome |
| Daher et al. (2008)44 | 57 | 28 ± 18 | M (74%) | No | No | AKI (26%) |
| Dettwiler et al. (2010)45 | 1 | 69 | M | Kidney transplant l | Moderate to severe lymphocyte, histiocyte and plasma cell interstitial infiltrates; Leishmania-loaded macrophages | Acute interstitial nephritis AKI |
| Oliveira et al. (2010)29 | 224 | 15–84 | M (77%) | No | No | AKI (34%) |
| Suankratay et al. (2010)46 | 1 | 37 | M | HIV | Membranoproliferative lesion | Nephritic/nephrotic syndrome |
| Daher et al. (2011)26 | 14 | 18–64 | M (57%) | No | No | Concentration defect (21%) |
M, male; F, female; AKI, acute kidney injury; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.