Table 2.
Characteristics of the patients according to caffeine intake.
| Parameters | Caffeine intake |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| <123 mg/day | ≥123 mg/day | ||
| (n = 102) | (n = 34) | ||
| Gender, male/female (%) | 49/51 | 59/41 | 0.43 |
| Age (years) | 51.7 ± 12.6 | 51.1 ± 13.9 | 0.89 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.1 ± 4.5 | 27.4 ± 5.5 | 1.0 |
| ALT (× ULN) | 2.2 ± 1.5 | 2.2 ± 2.1 | 0.41 |
| AST (× ULN) | 2.3 ± 1.5 | 1.8 ± 1.5 | 0.04 |
| γGT (× ULN) | 3.3 ± 3.3 | 2.9 ± 2.4 | 0.56 |
| Glucose, mg dL−1 | 105.3 ± 35.0 | 106.0 ± 47.5 | 0.26 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.6 ± 2.6 | 2.4 ± 2.6 | 0.39 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg dL−1 | 45.5 ± 14.9 | 43.8 ± 14.6 | 0.74 |
| Triglycerides, mg dL−1 | 99.1 ± 40.5 | 104.4 ± 50.0 | 0.51 |
| HCV genotype, (%) | |||
| 1 | 67.6 | 66.7 | 0.99 |
| 2 and 3 | 32.4 | 33.3 | |
| Fibrosis score, (%) | |||
| F0 | 6.9 | 14.7 | |
| F1 | 23.5 | 41.2 | |
| F2 | 14.7 | 20.6 | <0.001 |
| F3 | 10.8 | 8.8 | |
| F4 | 44.1 | 14.7 | |
| Activity grade, (%) | |||
| A0 | 7.1 | 13.8 | |
| A1 | 17.9 | 31.0 | |
| A2 | 38.1 | 38.0 | <0.001 |
| A3 | 28.6 | 17.2 | |
| A4 | 8.3 | 0 | |
| Steatosis, (%) | |||
| Yes | 45.7 | 37.5 | 0.562 |
| No | 54.3 | 62.5 | |
| Methods for coffee, (%) | |||
| Paper filter | 31.4 | 29.4 | 0.88 |
| Cloth filter | 68.6 | 70.6 | |
| Smoking, (%) | |||
| Yes | 28.4 | 32.4 | 0.65 |
| No | 71.6 | 67.6 | |
Continuous data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation and categoric data are expressed as percentage. Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; γGT, γ-glutamyl transferase; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (fasting insulin [μU/mL] × fasting glycemia [nmol/L]/22.5); HDL cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ULN, upper limit of normal.