Table 2.
Incidence rate for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among HIV-infected individuals from high and low/middle-income settings.
| First author, year, journal | Setting and cohort (when applicable) | Time period evaluated | Incidence rate estimate | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High-income settings | ||||
| Mocroft, 1998, Archives of Internal Medicine | London, England, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital and The Royal Free Hospital | 1982a to July 1995 | 6.22/100 PY | Patient inclusion criteria: no CD4 criteria; Disease definition: considers only first episode after cohort enrollment |
| Bacellar, 1994, Journal of Infectious Diseases | Baltimore, Pittsburgh, Chicago and Los Angeles, US, MACS cohort | 1985a to 1993a | No antiretroviral nor PCP prophylaxis: 3.1/100 PY; Only antiretroviral: 1.8/100 PY; Antiretroviral and PCP prophylaxis: 2.4/100 PY | Patient inclusion criteria: CD4 < 100 cells/mm3, MSM only; Disease definition: considers only the first episode after cohort enrollment. Results stratified by use of antiretroviralb and/or PCP prophylaxis |
| Yazdanpanah, 2001, International Journal of Epidemiology | France, Tourcoing and Aquitaine cohorts | January 1987 to December 1995 | >500 cells/mm3: 0.4/100 PY; 301–500 cells/mm3: 0.5/100 PY; 201–300 cells/mm3: 1.6/100 PY; 101–200 cells/mm3: 3.1/100 PY; 51–100 cells/mm3: 6.7/100 PY; >50 cells/mm3: 11.4/100 PY; | Patient exclusion criteria: patients in use of antiretroviral therapy other than zidovudine monotheray and prophylaxis; patients with less than 3 CD4 counts; patients with prior PCP diagnosis or PCP diagnosis in the first cohort visit and those in use of PCP prophylaxis. Disease definition: only the first case after cohort enrollment. Results stratified by CD4 counts |
| Mocroft, 1999, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes | London, England, Royal Free Center for HIV Medicine | 1987a to 1998a | Before 1992: 9.1/100 PY; 1992–1993: 5.3/100 PY; 1994: 3.5/100 PY; 1995: 6.4/100 PY; 1996: 4.0/100 PY; 1997: 1.9/100 PY | Patient inclusion criteria: no CD4 criteria; Disease definition: only first ADI was considered after cohort enrollment |
| Moore, 1996, Annals of Internal Medicine | Baltimore, US, Johns Hopkins Clinical Cohort | July 1989 to April 1995 | 8.9/100 PY | Patient inclusion criteria: CD4 < 300 cells/mm3; Disease definition: only first episode considered after cohort enrollment |
| San-Andres, 2003, Clinical Infectious Diseases | Madrid, Spain, University Hospital | January 1989 to 1997a | 1989–1991: 5.5/100 PY; 1992: 5.4/100 PY; 1993: 3.5/100 PY; 1994: 3.4/100 PY; 1995: 3.0/100 PY; 1996: 3.3/100 PY; 1997: 0.6/100 PY | Patient inclusion criteria: CD4 < 500 cells/mm3 or previous diagnosis of an ADI; Disease definition: not clearly stated, likely considers all episodes after cohort enrollment |
| Charurat, 2004, Journal of Women's Health | 4 states in US and Puerto Rico, WITS Cohort | December 1989 to June 2002 | Before February 1994: 0.44/100 PY March 1994 to July 1996: 0.86/100 PY After August 1996: 0.42/100 PY | Patient inclusion criteria: no CD4 criteria, women only, without previous diagnosis of AIDS; Disease definition: only first episode considered after cohort enrollment |
| Moorman, 1998, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes | 8 US cities, HOPS cohort | January 1992 to June 1996 | 4.6/100 PY | Patient inclusion criteria: patients in use of PCP prophylaxis for at least 3 monthsc; Disease definition: all episodes considered after cohort enrollment |
| Brodt, 1997, AIDS | Frankfurt, Germany, Frankfurt AIDS Cohort | January 1992 to March 1997 | 1992: 17.8/100 PY; 1993: 18.2/100 PY; 1994: 16.3/100 PY; 1995: 9.9/100 PY; 1996: 6.4/100 PY | Patient inclusion criteria: CD4 < 200 cells/mm3, MSM only; Disease definition: not clearly stated, likely considers all episodes after cohort enrollment |
| Kaplan, 2000, Clinical Infectious Diseases | 10 US cities, Adults/Adolescents Spectrum of HIV Disease (ASD) Study | 1992a to September 1999 | 1996–1998: 4.7/100 PYd | Patient inclusion criteria: no CD4 criteria; Disease definition: not clearly stated, likely considers all episodes after cohort enrollment |
| Schwarcz, 2013, AIDS | San Francisco, US, SFDHP | January 1993 to December 2008 | 1993–1995: 9.5/100 PY; 1996–2000: 2.15/100 PY; 2001–2008: 0.84/100 PY | Patient inclusion criteria: no CD4 criteria; Disease definition: considers only the first episode after cohort enrollment |
| Ledergerber, 1999, Journal of the American Medical Association | 7 centers in Switzerland, Swiss HIV Cohort Study | September 1995 to March 1999 | Before ART use: 2.35/100 PY, after ART use: 0.22/100 PY | Patient inclusion criteria: no CD4 criteria, patients who started ART between September 1995 and December 1997. Disease definition: only first episode considered after cohort enrollment |
| Mocroft, 2000, Lancet | 51 centers in Europe, Eurosida cohort | December 1995 to spring 1999a | Non-ART regimens: 2.3/100 PY; ART regimens: 0.5/100 PY | Patient inclusion criteria: CD4 < 500 cells/mm3; Disease definition: considers the first episode after cohort enrollment |
| Wohl, 2003, Aids Patient Care and STDs | 10 US cities, ASD cohort | 1996a to 2000a | US born: 3.6/100 PY; Mexican born: 2.7/100 PY; Central American born: 1.3/100 PY | Patient inclusion criteria: no CD4 criteria; included US born Latinos, Mexican born Latinos and Central American Latinos. Disease definition: not clear stated, apparently included all episodes presented in the study period |
| Low/middle-income settings | ||||
| Badri, 2005, The Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Cape Town, South Africa, Cape Town AIDS Cohort (CTAC) | 1992a to December 2000 | 1.19/100 PY | Patient inclusion criteria: no CD4 criteria; Disease definition: not clearly stated, likely considers all episodes after cohort enrollment |
| Hung, 2000, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes | Taiwan, National Taiwan University Hospital | June 1994 to June 1999 | 1995: 70.5/100 PY; 1999: 9.2/100 PY | Patient inclusion criteria: no CD4 criteria; Disease definition: considers only the first episode after cohort enrollment |
| Holmes, 2006, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes | Cape Town, South Africa, University of Cape Town cohort | 1994a to 2000a | CD4 < 50: 8.1/100 PY; CD4 51–200: 0.6/100 PY; CD4 201–350: 0.3/100 PY; CD4 > 350: 0 | Patient inclusion criteria: patients with at least two CD4 cell counts; Disease definition: WHO stage III and IV, considers only first episode considered after cohort enrollment. Results were stratified by CD4 |
| Podlasin, 2006, Infection | 10 centers in Poland | 2000a to 2002a | 2000: 0.89/100 PY; 2001: 0.82/100 PY; 2002: 0.5/100 PY | Patient inclusion criteria: none; Disease definition: not clearly stated, likely considers all episodes after cohort enrollment |
| Rojanawiwat, 2011, International Health | Lampang, Thailand, Governmental Referral Hospitale | July 2000 to October 2004 | Prior to ART: 4.7/100 PY; After ART use: 0.3/100 PY | Patient inclusion criteria: none; Disease definition: not clearly stated, likely considers the first episode after cohort enrollment |
ADI: AIDS defining illness; ART: highly active antiretroviral therapy; MSM: men who have sex with men; PCP: Pneumocytis carinii pneumonia.
a
Month not specified.
b
Zidovudine, didanosine or both.
c
PCP prophylaxis was prescribed for patients with CD4 count less than 200 cells/mm3 or considered at risk by their clinicians (even if CD4 > 200 cells/mm3).
d
Results for other years shown in figure format only, thus not reported here.
e
In 2002 the government introduced the co-formulation stavudine, lamivudine and nevirapine (on a pilot basis). The use of this medication gradually increased especially after 2004.