Table 3.
Incidence rates for cerebral toxoplasmosis among HIV-infected individuals from high and low/middle-income settings.
| First author, year, journal | Setting and cohort (when applicable) | Time period evaluated | Incidence rate estimate | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High-income settings | ||||
| Bacellar, 1994, Journal of Infectious Diseases | Baltimore, Pittsburgh, Chicago and Los Angeles, US, MACS cohort | 1985a to 1993a | No antiretroviral nor PCP prophylaxis: 6.9/100 PY; Only antiretroviral: 6.0/100 PY; Antiretroviral and PCP prophylaxis: 14.8/100 PY | Patient inclusion criteria: CD4 < 100 cells/mm3, MSM only; Disease definition: considers only the first episode after cohort enrollment. Results stratified by use of antiretroviralb and/or PCP prophylaxis |
| Yazdanpanah, 2001, International Journal of Epidemiology | France, Tourcoing and Aquitaine cohorts | January 1987 to December 1995 | >500 cells/mm3: 0.1/100 PY; 301–500 cells/mm3: 0.6/100 PY; 201–300 cells/mm3: 1.1/100 PY; 101–200 cells/mm3: 2.0/100 PY; 51–100 cells/mm3: 3.9/100 PY; >50 cells/mm3: 12.6/100 PY | Patient exclusion criteria:patients in use of antiretroviral therapy other than zidovudine monotheray and prophylaxis; patients with less than 3 CD4 counts; patients with prior NTX diagnosis or with NTX diagnosis in the first cohort visit and those in use of NTX prophylaxis. Disease definition: only the first case after cohort enrollment. Results stratified by CD4 counts |
| Moore, 1996, Annals of Internal Medicine | Baltimore, US, Johns Hopkins Clinical Cohort | July 1989 to April 1995 | 2.3/100 PY | Patient inclusion criteria: CD4 < 300 cells/mm3; Disease definition: considers only the first episode after cohort enrollment |
| San-Andres, 2003, Clinical Infectious Diseases | Madrid, Spain, University Hospital | January 1989 to 1997a | 1989–1991: 2.1/100 PY, 1992: 2.9/100 PY, 1993: 2.4/100 PY, 1994: 0.8/100 PY, 1995: 1.1/100 PY, 1996: 1.0/100 PY, 1997: 1.8/100 PY | Patient inclusion criteria: CD4 < 500 cells/mm3 or previous diagnosis of AIDS; Disease definition: not clearly stated, likely considers all episodes after cohort enrollment |
| Sacktor, 2001, Neurology | Baltimore, Pittsburgh, Chicago and Los Angeles, US, MACS cohort | January 1990 to December 1998 | 1990–1992: 0.54/100 PY, 1993–1995: 0.38/100 PY, 1996–1998: 0.22/100 PY | Patient inclusion criteria: no CD4 criteria, MSM only; Disease definition: not clearly stated, likely considers all episodes after cohort enrollment |
| Brodt, 1997, AIDS | Frankfurt, Germany, Frankfurt AIDS Cohort | January 1992 to March 1997 | 1992: 10.6/100 PY, 1993: 6.1/100 PY, 1994: 3.9/100 PY, 1995: 4.0/100 PY, 1996: 2.6/100 PY | Patient inclusion criteria: CD4 < 200 cells/mm3, MSM only; Disease definition: not clearly stated, likely considers all episodes after cohort enrollment |
| Ledergerber, 1999, Journal of the American Medical Association | 7 centers in Switzerland, Swiss HIV Cohort Study | September 1995 to March 1999 | Before ART use: 1.45/100 PY, after ART use: 0.18/100 PY | Patient inclusion criteria: no CD4 criteria, patients who started ART between September 1995 and December 1997. Disease definition: considers only the first episode after cohort enrollment |
| Wohl, 2003, Aids Patient Care and STDs | 10 US cities, ASD cohort | 1996a to 2000a | US born: 0; Mexican born: 0.5/100 PY; Central American born: 0.7/100 PY | Patient inclusion criteria: no CD4 criteria; included US born Latinos, Mexican born Latinos and Central American Latinos. Disease definition: not clear stated, likely considers all episodes presented in the study period |
| Garvey, 2011, European Journal of Neurology | 10 UK HIV centers, CHIC (UK Collaborative HIV Cohort) | January 1996 to December 2007 | Total: 0.12/100 PY; 1996–1997: 0.32/100 PY, 1998–1999: 0.11/100 PY, 2000–2001: 0.15/100 PY, 2002–2003: 0.11/100 PY, 2004–2005: 0.09/100 PY, 2006–2007: 0.04/100 PY | Patient inclusion criteria: none; Disease definition: considers only the first episode after cohort enrollment |
| Riveiro-Barciela, 2013, HIV medicine | Barcelona, Spain | January 2000 to December 2010 | 2000 to June 2005: 0.32/100 PY; July 2005–2010: 0.11/100 PY | Patient inclusion criteria: none; Disease definition: not clearly stated, likely considers all episodes after cohort enrollment |
| Low/middle-income settings | ||||
| Badri, 2005, The Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine | Cape Town, South Africa, Cape Town AIDS Cohort (CTAC) | 1992a to December 2000 | 0.15/100 PY | Patient inclusion criteria: no CD4 criteria; Disease definition: not clearly stated, likely considers all episodes after cohort enrollment |
| Holmes, 2006, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes | Cape Town, South Africa, University of Cape Town cohort | 1994a to 2000a | CD4 < 50: 1.2/100 PY; CD4 51–200: 0; CD4 201–350: 0; CD4 > 350: 0 | Patient inclusion criteria: patients with at least two CD4 cell counts; Disease definition: WHO stage III and IV; considers only first episode after cohort enrollment. Results were stratified by CD4 |
| Rojanawiwat, 2011, International Health | Lampang, Thailand, Governmental Referral Hospitalc | July 2000 to October 2004 | Before ART use: 1.2/100 PY, After ART use: 1.0/100 PY | Patient inclusion criteria: none; Disease definition: not clearly stated, likely considers all episodes after cohort enrollment |
ART: highly active antiretroviral therapy; MSM: men who have sex with men; NTX: Cerebral toxoplasmosis; PCP: Pneumocytis carinii pneumonia.
a
Month not specified.
b
Zidovudine, didanosine or both.
c
In 2002 the government introduced the co-formulation stavudine, lamivudine and nevirapine (on a pilot basis). The use of this medication gradually increased especially after 2004.