Table 3.
Univariate analysis of sociodemographic, clinical and sexual behavior-related risk factors for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infection in 498 people living with HIV, in Salvador, Brazil.
| Men |
Women |
|||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urogenital CT/NG (n = 6) |
Anorectal CT/NG (n = 27) |
Endocervical CT/NG (n = 11) |
Anorectal CT/NG (n = 17) |
|||||||||||||
| n (%) | p | OR | 95% CI | n (%) | p | OR | 95% CI | n (%) | p | OR | 95% CI | n (%) | p | OR | 95% CI | |
| Socio-demographic | ||||||||||||||||
| Age ≤29 years old | 2 (3.8) | .669 | 1.32 | 0.24–7.45 | 12 (22.6) | .023 | 2.61 | 1.12–6.10 | 8 (10.8) | .001 | 9.21 | 2.38–35.71 | 11 (14.9) | .000 | 6.55 | 6.33–18.40 |
| Single | 4 (2.7) | .652 | 0.62 | 0.12–3.31 | 21 (14.3) | .832 | 1.11 | 0.42–2.95 | 5 (3.1) | .630 | 0.76 | 0.23–2.54 | 11 (6.9) | .285 | 1.73 | 0.63–4.82 |
| White ethnicity | 2 (6.7) | .235 | 2.84 | 0.50–16.25 | 7 (23.3) | .108 | 2.18 | 0.82–5.72 | 1 (4.5) | .567 | 1.30 | 0.16–10.65 | 3 (13.6) | .114 | 3.03 | 0.80–11.48 |
| Less than 8 schooling years | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | 1.04 | 1.01–1.07 | 2 (8.7) | .748 | 0.55 | 0.12–2.50 | 8 (7.3) | .020 | 5.10 | 1.32–19.63 | 7 (6.4) | .630 | 1.27 | 0.47–3.46 |
| Monthly income ≤2 MWa | 3 (2.9) | 1.000 | 0.87 | 0.17–4.42 | 15 (14.7) | .809 | 1.11 | 0.49–2.51 | 11 (4.4) | .222 | 0.96 | 0.93–0.98 | 14 (5.6) | 1.000 | 0.98 | 0.27–3.54 |
| Pregnant women | – | – | 6 (18.8) | .000 | 12.37 | 3.53–43.31 | 5 (15.6) | .023 | 4.03 | 1.32–12.30 | ||||||
| Alcohol use | 5 (3.5) | 1.000 | 1.73 | 0.20–15.15 | 22 (15.3) | .376 | 1.59 | 0.57–4.45 | 3 (1.8) | .120 | 0.30 | 0.08–1.16 | 8 (4.8) | .530 | 0.73 | 0.27–1.95 |
| Tobacco use | 2 (4.8) | .614 | 1.83 | 0.32–10.33 | 6 (14.3) | .962 | 1.02 | 0.39–2.73 | 0 (0.0) | .608 | 1.04 | 1.02–1.07 | 1 (3.4) | 1.000 | 0.58 | 0.07–4.51 |
| Drug use | 2 (3.8) | .661 | 1.37 | 0.24–7.71 | 9 (17.3) | .420 | 1.43 | 0.60–3.42 | 3 (7.0) | .191 | 2.38 | 0.60–9.35 | 1 (2.3) | .483 | 0.37 | 0.05–2.83 |
| Sex-risk behaviors | ||||||||||||||||
| Lifetime sexual partners >3 | 2 (66.6) | .092 | 18.20 | 1.41–235.34 | 2 (66.6) | .370 | 3.10 | 0.27–35-38 | 6 (3.0) | .409 | 1.66 | 0.50–5.57 | 9 (4.5) | .237 | 1.80 | 0.67–4.80 |
| Irregular condom use | 2 (4.8) | .614 | 1.83 | 0.32–10.32 | 7 (16.7) | .583 | 1.30 | 0.51–3.32 | 3 (3.0) | 1.000 | 0.75 | 0.19–2.88 | 3 (3.0) | .194 | 0.41 | 0.12–1.47 |
| Alcohol before sex | 3 (3.3) | 1.000 | 1.13 | 0.22–5.72 | 17 (18.7) | .076 | 2.11 | 0.91–4.89 | 1 (0.8) | .031 | 0.14 | 0.02–1.09 | 6 (4.9) | .631 | 0.78 | 0.28–2.16 |
| Drug before sex | 1 (3.1) | 1.000 | 1.01 | 0.11–8.92 | 4 (12.5) | 1.000 | 0.86 | 0.28–2.67 | 1 (4.3) | .584 | 1.24 | 0.15–10.11 | 1 (4.3) | 1.000 | 0.76 | 0.10–5.97 |
| Transactional sex | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | 1.04 | 1.01–1.07 | 2 (10.5) | 1.000 | 0.70 | 0.15–3.22 | 2 (7.2) | .267 | 2.29 | 0.47–11.17 | 1 (3.6) | 1.000 | 0.60 | 0.08–4.73 |
| Anal receptive intercourse | 5 (3.0) | .585 | 0.77 | 0.09–6.88 | 27 (16.2) | .029 | 0.84 | 0.78–0.90 | 4 (2.1) | .108 | 0.33 | 0.09–1.14 | 12 (6.3) | .485 | 1.46 | 0.50–4.26 |
| Previous STI | 6 (3.6) | 1.000 | 0.96 | 0.94–0.99 | 26 (15.6) | .136 | 4.61 | 0.60–35.53 | 6 (4.0) | .734 | 1.23 | 0.39–4.13 | 6 (4.0) | .228 | 0.54 | 0.19–1.49 |
| Patient complaints | ||||||||||||||||
| Anal fissureb | 2 (3.4) | 1.000 | 1.12 | 0.20–6.31 | 10 (16.9) | .456 | 1.38 | 0.59–3.23 | – | – | ||||||
| Pain in anal intercourse | 2 (4.0) | .676 | 1.28 | 0.23–7.23 | 12 (24.0) | .028 | 2.55 | 1.09–5.99 | – | – | ||||||
| Dyspareunia | – | – | 3 (4.5) | .706 | 1.36 | 0.33–5.62 | 5 (7.6) | .696 | 1.24 | 0.42–3.73 | ||||||
| Genital discharge | 1 (16.7) | .178 | 7.12 | 0.70–72.72 | 1 (16.7) | .594 | 1.26 | 0.14–11.27 | 6 (5.5) | .188 | 2.21 | 0.66–7.43 | 9 (8.3) | .131 | 2.10 | 0.79–5.62 |
| Genital ulcer | 1 (4.0) | .570 | 1.36 | 0.15–12.13 | 6 (24.0) | .122 | 2.21 | 0.79–6.16 | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | 1.04 | 1.02–1.06 | 0 (0.0) | .610 | 1.06 | 1.03–1.09 |
| Pelvic pain | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | 0.58 | 0.07–4.66 | 3 (17.6) | .713 | 1.35 | 0.36–5.04 | 6 (5.5) | .188 | 0.58 | 0.18–1.85 | 4 (3.7) | .313 | 0.53 | 0.17–1.68 |
| Anal pain | 2 (2.6) | 1.000 | 0.74 | 0.13–4.14 | 14 (18.2) | .179 | 1.74 | 0.77–3.95 | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | 1.04 | 1.02–1.07 | 0 (0.0) | .614 | 1.06 | 1.03–1.09 |
| Clinical findings | ||||||||||||||||
| Anal fissureb | 1 (1.6) | .666 | 0.38 | 0.04–3.36 | 9 (14.1) | .914 | 1.05 | 0.44–2.51 | – | – | ||||||
| Genital discharge | 1 (20.0) | .148 | 9.15 | 0.86–97.35 | 1 (20.0) | .533 | 1.56 | 0.17–14.49 | 5 (4.7) | .463 | 1.57 | 0.47–5.26 | 6 (5.6) | .985 | 1.01 | 0.36–2.81 |
| Urethritis | 1 (16.7) | .175 | 7.28 | 0.71–74.35 | 1 (16.7) | 1.000 | 1.24 | 0.14–11.03 | – | – | ||||||
| Cervicitis | – | – | 3 (13.6) | .037 | 5.43 | 1.33–22.14 | 3 (13.6) | .114 | 3.03 | 0.80–11.48 | ||||||
| Painful anorectal examb | 0 (0.0) | .585 | 1.04 | 1.00–1.07 | 9 (25.0) | .022 | 2.88 | 1.13–7.34 | – | – | ||||||
| Painful bimanual exam | – | – | 2 (7.7) | .270 | 2.28 | 0.47–11.15 | 0 (0.0) | .382 | 1.07 | 1.04–1.11 | ||||||
| Viral load | .650 | 2.52 | 0.27–23.03 | .626 | 0.79 | 0.31–2.01 | .020 | 0.20 | 0.05–0.78 | .051 | 0.36 | 0.12–1.04 | ||||
| ≤40 cp/mL | 4 (4.0) | 12 (11.9) | 3 (1.7) | 6 (3.3) | ||||||||||||
| >40 cp/mL | 1 (1.6) | 9 (14.5) | 8 (7.8) | 9 (7.8) | ||||||||||||
| CD4+ ≤500 cells/μL | 1 (1.7) | .653 | 0.42 | 0.05–3.84 | 10 (16.7) | .271 | 1.67 | 0.66–4.21 | 3 (3.6) | 1.000 | 0.92 | 0.24–3.55 | 7 (8.4) | .178 | 1.99 | 0.72–5.55 |
| No ART in use | 1 (2.94) | 1.000 | 1.07 | 0.12–9.48 | 5 (14.7) | .894 | 0.93 | 0.33–2.66 | 5 (10.0) | .008 | 0.22 | 0.06–0.74 | 5 (10.0) | .136 | 0.44 | 0.15–1.32 |
CT/NG indicates chlamydia and/or gonorrhea infection.
a
MW, minimum wage ≈$194.
b
Investigation on anal fissure and painful anorectal exam were only performed by the proctologist in male patients.