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. 2022 Aug 30;12:14759. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-18162-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Stimulus design. Single words were synthesized and concatenated into trials (12 sentences each; sample sentences are taken from one of the 2 + 2 Syntax trials). In the Implicit Prosody condition (1), words were synthesized, and prosodic cues were neutralized: i.e., there were no pauses between words within trials, all words were 320 ms long, pitch was flattened, and sound intensity was constant across words. Artificial prosodic contours were then created using 1.56 Hz (½ sentence rate) sine waves (2) and imposed with neutralized prosody to create stimuli for the Overt Prosody condition. Pitch contour is depicted in blue (note that infrequent sudden drops of pitch values typically reflect unavailability of pitch information due to unvoiced phonemes), and sound intensity is represented by red lines. (3). Audio files for all stimuli are available online: https://osf.io/qzbne/.