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. 2022 Aug 30;12:14759. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-18162-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Experimental procedure. Left: order of the experimental blocks. In yellow—the Implicit Prosody (ImplP) conditions with the corresponding 1 + 3 and 2 + 2 Syntax blocks. In pink– both Overt Prosody (OvP) and Instructed Prosody (InstrP) conditions. Note that participants were presented with an additional, No Semantic Task condition (faded green block), which is largely beyond the scope of the current experiment. The details regarding this part of the study are briefly summarized in Supplementary Materials C. The No Semantic Task condition was always represented by one block composed of sentences with one of the syntactic structures. Right (top): scheme of experimental flow within one sample block of combined OvP and InstrP trials (for example, 2 + 2 W24 = 2 + 2 Syntax sentences with W24 prosodic contour). Starting with an OvP trial (12 sentences), it continues with an outlier detection prompt, and then with the InstrP trial, during which participants listen to sentences with neutralized prosody while imposing onto them the intonational contour they attended to in the preceding OvP trial. In the bottom right corner is the list of tasks used in the corresponding experimental conditions.