Fig. 2. Effect of QMR stimulation on mesenchymal stromal cells.

a Representative images of MSCs at 0 and 24 h after QMR exposure, acquired with an Axiovert 40 CFL inverted light microscope (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany; ×10). b Cell viability was detected by trypan blue exclusion assay while the cell cycle (c) was analysed by flow cytometry at 0 and 24 h after QMR stimulation. Representative cytograms report the percentage of cells in each cell cycle phase (G₀–G₁, S, G₂–M). d Demonstrative images of MSC karyotypes at baseline and after QMR exposure. Chromosomes in metaphase were G-banded using the G-Trypsin-Giemsa method. Results are expressed as mean ± SD of at least three independent experiments. *P < 0.05; QMR vs control.