Fig. 2. Differential gene expression analysis of host transcriptome data with regard to the use of positive pressure ventilation in infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis.

A Volcano plot of differentially expressed genes (transcriptome). The threshold of log2 fold change is |0.58| (i.e., ≥|1.5|-fold change), and that of FDR is <0.05. There were 197 differentially expressed transcripts that met these criteria. B Gene set enrichment analysis (transcriptome). We showed 30 host pathways (GO biological process) with the most significant FDR in the gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) with downregulated pathways on the left side and upregulated pathways on the right side. We also showed the absolute normalized enrichment score, FDR, and the gene ratio for the corresponding pathways. Abbreviations: FDR false discovery rate, GO gene ontology, GSEA gene set enrichment analysis, PPV positive pressure ventilation.