Table 2.

Psychosocial and biological risk factors in Stage 0 for childhood internalising and externalising syndromes

Type of risk	Risk factor
Individual	Early onset neurodevelopmental phenotype or syndrome; Perinatal injury; Prenatal conditions; Temperamental risk factors; Atypical social and cognitive profiles; Language difficulties; Motor skills delay; Social or learning difficulties at school transition; Poorer physical health; Child abuse or neglect
Family/caregiver	Emotional distress (e.g., depression/ anxiety) of primary caregiver; Caregiver instability/ unstable family environment; Parental conflict or relationship dissatisfaction; Style of parenting (e.g. inconsistent or harsh discipline); Loss of a parent or other grief/ illness in the family or close social network; Family history of mental ill health; Unemployment of parent who is primary earner; Material conditions (access to resources, food/nutrition, water, sanitation, housing, employment)
Other social and environmental	Financial hardship; Disadvantaged neighbourhood Community based participation; Violence/ crime; Access to and quality of local services