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. 2022 Aug 30;10:59. doi: 10.1038/s41413-022-00223-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 10 — Effects of FSS on cell differentiation and gene expression. a FSS can affect the signal expression in MC3T3-E1 cells. The nuclear translocation of P-ERK5 and FoxO3a; FoxO3a nuclear translocation (green fluorescence) and nuclear location (blue fluorescence)¹³². b Mechanism of FSS on mineralization-related cells. FSS can promote mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into osteoblasts and then promote the further differentiation and orientation of osteoblasts, bone lining cells and osteocytes. More, it can induce the expression of signaling molecules and proteins. Figures adapted with permission from ref. ¹³²