Fig. 11.

Effect of mechanical stimulation on the interaction between bone-related cells, Col and HA. a–l Influence of aligned and randomly aligned ECM structures on cell morphology and orientation¹⁵⁴. Viable mesenchymal stem cells (green) adopting random and oriented morphologies on nonaligned (a–c) and aligned Col (g–l) on Days 1, 4, and 7. Quantification of cell orientation angles with the corresponding images is shown in the panels below (d–f, j–l). (Scale bar: 200 μm; ±s.d., n = 4 replicates from two different donors). m, n Effects of FSS on Col/HA mineralization. Col is a template for mineralization, and HA crystals grow along the long axis of Col fibrils. FSS can promote ACP precursor transformation into HA crystals and improve the crystallization and orientation of HA. Figures adapted with permission from ref. ¹⁵⁴