Table 2.

Quality assessment of included studies

	Study	Tool	Questions									Overall quality
	Case series and non-RCTs		1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	Assessment	Score
1	Hernigou P	JBI	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	High	9
2	S. J. Kim	NIH	Yes	Yes	No	NR	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Moderate	6
3	S. J. Kim	JBI	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	High	9
4	C. Pascual-Garrido	NIH	Yes	Yes	Yes	NR	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	High	8
5	D. Connell 2009	NIH	Yes	No	Yes	CD	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Moderate	6
6	Y. S. Kim 2017	JBI	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	High	9
7	B. E. Stein 2015	NIH	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	High	8
8	J. L. Ellera Gomes 2012	NIH	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	High	8
9	S. Y. Lee 2015	NIH	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	High	9
10	L. N. Muench 2020	NIH	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	High	9
11	C. H. Jo 2020	NIH	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	High	9
12	A. Wang 2015	NIH	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	High	9
13	M. Khoury 2021	NIH	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	High	8
14	K. Tate-Oliver 2013	NIH	Yes	Yes	CD	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	Low	5
15	C. J. Centeno 2015	NIH	CD	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Moderate	5
16	A. Singh 2014	NIH	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	Low	3
	RCTs (Cochrane Rob 2 tool)	Randomization process	Deviations from the intended interventions			Missing outcome data		Measurement of the outcome		Selection of the reported result			The overall risk of bias
1	J. L. Hurd 2020	+	–			+		+		+			+
2	G. Rodas 2021	+	–			+		+		+			+
3	D. A. V. Rosário 2021	+	–			–		+		+			؟
4	A. W. Clarke 2011	+	+			+		+		+			+
5	Usuelli, F. G 2017	+	؟			+		+		+			+
6	J. R. Lamas 2019	+	–			–		–		–			–

Abbreviations: CD Cannot determine, NR Not reported, NA Not available, NIH National Institutes of Health quality assessment tool for case-series studies, JBI Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist for quasi-experimental studies, RCT Randomized clinical trials