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. 2022 Aug 17;13:964771. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.964771

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Copyright © 2022 Yi, Tao, Wang, Cao, Zhou and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effects of propofol on macrophage polarization. Invasive surgery may cause M1 macrophage polarization and related complications. Propofol inhibits the expression of IL-6 and IL-1β by activating the GABAA receptor to induce Nrf2 accumulation in the cytoplasm and its translocation into the nucleus, which prevents the inflammatory response during the polarization of human macrophages. Propofol treatment stimulated PPARγ activation in the rI/R model and enhanced PPARγ-mediated STAT3, decreased iNO_S mRNA of the M1 target gene, increased Mrc1 and Arg1 mRNA expression of the M2 target gene, and promoted M2 polarization in macrophages.