TABLE 2.
Representative dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists and their role in the treatment of depression.
| Dopamine receptor agonist | Representative substance | Subjects (Methodology) | Effects on depressive-like behavior | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| D1R Agonist | Pergolide | 41 non-demented patients suffering from mild or moderate depression and Parkinson’s disease | Demonstrated antidepressant effects in PD patients | Rektorová et al. (2013) |
| SKF-81297 | Chronically stressed rats | 100 ng of SKF 81297 significantly ameliorate depressive-like behavior | Mizoguchi et al. (2002) | |
| SKF-38393 | Adult ovariectomized female rats | Blocked the antidepressant-like effect | Fedotova and Ordyan (2011) | |
| D2R Agonist | Cabergoline | Male Wistar and Wistar-Kyoto rats | Antidepressant-like property | Chiba et al. (2010) |
| Piribedil | The placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blinded trial was conducted in 37 patients with Parkinson’s disease presenting with apathy | Dopamine agonist piribedil improves apathy in Parkinson’s disease | Thobois et al. (2013) | |
| Quinpirole | Sprague Dawley rats | Delivery of quinpirole into the NAc of control animals induced depressive-like behaviors | Qiao et al. (2020) | |
| Pramipexole | five RCTs, three open-label trials, and five observational studies, with 504 participants | Patients treated with Pramipexole showed improvement in depressive symptoms | Tundo et al. (2019) | |
| Ropinirole | 32 unipolar and bipolar patients who remained depressed | No difference in primary or secondary outcome measures was detected between the treatment and control groups | Gershon et al. (2019) | |
| L-742,626 | Wistar or Wistar-Kyoto rats | Venlafaxine reversed the effect of L-742,626 in controls | Papp et al. (2019) | |
| D3R Agonist | Rotigotine | 48 PD patients | Rotigotine improves apathy, depression, and anxiety in PD patients | Castrioto et al. (2020) |
| D4R Agonist | PD-168,077 | 174 transverse hippocampal slices (400 μm) prepared from 87 male Wistar rats | D4R activation induces synaptic depression | Navakkode et al. (2017) |
| D1/D5R Agonist | SKF-38393 | Adult zebrafish (AB wild-type; ∼50:50 male: female ratio at 4-month of age) | Pretreatment with the agonist SKF-38393 protects subjects from conspecific alarm substance (CAS, a natural stressor) | Fontana et al. (2021) |
| D1R Antagonist | SKF-83566 | Forty-nine male Long–Evans rats | Administration of SKF 83566 blocked LTP in mPFC and resulted in long-term depression induced by high-frequency stimulation | Coppa-Hopman et al. (2009) |
| Haloperidol | seven patients (five men and two women; mean age = 36.7 years, SD = 13.8, range = 26–61) | The first description of the efficacy and safety of the SSRI citalopram in combination with haloperidol in the treatment of psychotic depression | Bonomo et al. (2002) | |
| D2R Antagonist | Raclopride | Adult outpatients with depression >59 years old | Depression status is associated with lower [[11C] raclopride binding | Rutherford et al. (2019) |
| Sulpiride | ten patients and ten age-matched male volunteers | Improve depressive-like behavior and may have the effect of increasing dopamine turnover | Verbeeck et al. (2001) | |
| Risperidone | 16-week randomized placebo-controlled trial for participants concurrently treated with risperidone | A combination of Risperidone and Omega-3 improves depressive-like behavior | Robinson et al. (2019) | |
| D3R Antagonist | 7-OH-DPAT | Wistar or Wistar-Kyoto rats | Potential anti-anxiety and antidepressant effects | Rogóz et al. (2004) |
| D4R Antagonist | L-741,742 | Male Sprague Dawley rats | Electrophysiological currents were inhibited by DA-D4-receptor antagonist L-741,742 and it was observed in LHb neurons when DA uptake or degradation was blocked | Root et al. (2015) |
| D1/D5R Antagonist | SCH-23390 | Gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus, n = 130) pups | Decreasing dopamine receptor signaling diminishes social learning | Paraouty et al. (2021) |