Table 2. Estimated Primary Outcomes From Fully Adjusted Regression Modelsa.
| Covariate | Receipt of surgery, overall cohort (N = 57 710) | Surgical cohort (n = 37 691) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emergent surgery | MIS | Surgical complications | Mortality | |||||||
| HR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Region | ||||||||||
| Metropolitan | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Micropolitan | 1.05 (1.02-1.08) | <.001 | 1.25 (1.14-1.37) | <.001 | 0.70 (0.66-0.75) | <.001 | 1.09 (0.99-1.20) | .08 | 0.96 (0.86-1.08) | .52 |
| Small town or rural | 1.09 (1.05-1.12) | <.001 | 1.32 (1.20-1.44) | <.001 | 0.75 (0.70-0.80) | <.001 | 1.08 (0.99-1.19) | .09 | 0.88 (0.78-0.99) | .03 |
| Race and ethnicity | ||||||||||
| Hispanic | 0.96 (0.91-1.01) | .11 | 1.03 (0.87-1.23) | .70 | 1.02 (0.91-1.14) | .73 | 1.11 (0.95-1.31) | .19 | 0.99 (0.81-1.22) | .95 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.92 (0.88-0.95) | <.001 | 1.00 (0.88-1.15) | .95 | 0.93 (0.85-1.02) | .12 | 1.03 (0.90-1.17) | .69 | 1.04 (0.89-1.22) | .60 |
| Non-Hispanic White | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Non-Hispanic other | 0.95 (0.91-1.01) | .08 | 1.03 (0.87-1.23) | .72 | 1.21 (1.08-1.35) | <.001 | 1.01 (0.85-1.19) | .92 | 0.81 (0.64-1.03) | .08 |
| Full dual eligibility (vs not) | 0.97 (0.93-1.01) | .14 | 1.44 (1.27-1.64) | <.001 | 0.87 (0.79-0.96) | <.001 | 1.14 (1.00-1.30) | .05 | 1.30 (1.12-1.51) | <.001 |
| ADI, every 10 ranks | 1.00 (1.00-1.01) | <.001 | 1.03 (1.02-1.05) | <.001 | 0.93 (0.92-0.94) | <.001 | 1.02 (1.01-1.03) | .01 | 1.07 (1.05-1.08) | <.001 |
| Age category, y | ||||||||||
| 65-70 | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| 71-75 | 1.00 (0.97-1.03) | .98 | 1.11 (1.00-1.23) | .05 | 1.00 (0.94-1.06) | .98 | 1.04 (0.94-1.16) | .42 | 1.31 (1.10-1.57) | <.001 |
| 76-80 | 0.97 (0.94-1.00) | .05 | 1.37 (1.24-1.51) | <.001 | 0.89 (0.84-0.95) | <.001 | 1.04 (0.94-1.15) | .47 | 1.95 (1.64-2.31) | <.001 |
| 81-85 | 0.97 (0.94-1.00) | .09 | 1.73 (1.55-1.92) | <.001 | 0.73 (0.68-0.78) | <.001 | 1.02 (0.91-1.14) | .76 | 2.64 (2.23-3.13) | <.001 |
| >85 | 0.90 (0.86-0.93) | <.001 | 2.97 (2.66-3.31) | <.001 | 0.54 (0.50-0.59) | <.001 | 1.03 (0.92-1.16) | .57 | 4.26 (3.61-5.02) | <.001 |
| Female sex | 1.05 (1.03-1.07) | <.001 | 1.11 (1.00-1.23) | .05 | 0.97 (0.93-1.02) | .22 | 0.89 (0.84-0.95) | <.001 | 0.81 (0.75-0.88) | <.001 |
| Side of colon cancer | ||||||||||
| Left | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Right | 1.65 (1.61-1.69) | <.001 | 0.79 (0.73-0.85) | <.001 | 1.33 (1.26-1.39) | <.001 | 0.77 (0.72-0.83) | <.001 | 1.11 (1.02-1.22) | .02 |
| Unspecified | 0.17 (0.16-0.18) | <.001 | 0.92 (0.78-1.08) | .31 | 0.99 (0.89-1.11) | .87 | 1.01 (0.86-1.18) | .93 | 0.27 (0.23-0.32) | <.001 |
| Diabetes | 1.02 (1.00-1.05) | .11 | 0.76 (0.70-0.83) | <.001 | 1.04 (0.98-1.09) | .19 | 1.08 (0.99-1.16) | .07 | 1.00 (0.91-1.10) | .96 |
| MI | 1.09 (0.97-1.21) | .14 | 0.88 (0.62-1.26) | .49 | 1.12 (0.89-1.41) | .34 | 0.98 (0.72-1.35) | .92 | 0.94 (0.67-1.31) | .71 |
| CHF | 1.05 (1.00-1.10) | .06 | 0.91 (0.79-1.05) | .21 | 1.03 (0.93-1.13) | .62 | 1.11 (0.97-1.28) | .14 | 1.08 (0.94-1.25) | .29 |
| Stroke or TIA | 1.10 (1.03-1.19) | .01 | 0.93 (0.74-1.18) | .55 | 1.06 (0.91-1.24) | .47 | 0.99 (0.79-1.23) | .92 | 0.88 (0.69-1.13) | .33 |
| COPD | 0.99 (0.96-1.04) | .80 | 1.03 (0.91-1.17) | .61 | 0.93 (0.85-1.01) | .08 | 1.00 (0.88-1.13) | >.99 | 1.41 (1.24-1.60) | <.001 |
| End-stage kidney disease | 0.90 (0.81-0.99) | .03 | 1.22 (0.91-1.63) | .18 | 0.82 (0.66-1.01) | .06 | 1.13 (0.85-1.51) | .39 | 1.58 (1.21-2.07) | <.001 |
| CMS-HCC risk score | 0.86 (0.84-0.88) | <.001 | 1.11 (1.03-1.19) | .01 | 0.88 (0.84-0.92) | <.001 | 1.15 (1.07-1.23) | <.001 | 1.00 (0.91-1.10) | .96 |
Abbreviations: ADI, Area Deprivation Index; CHF, congestive heart failure; CMS-HCC, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services–Hierarchical Condition Category; COPD; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HR, hazard ratio; MI, myocardial infarction; MIS, minimally invasive surgery; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio; TIA, transient ischemic attack.
a
Models were adjusted for age, sex, race and ethnicity, Medicare-Medicaid dual eligibility, ADI, cancer side, diabetes, CHF, COPD, previous MI, previous stroke or TIA, end-stage kidney disease, and CMS-HCC score.