Figure 2.

Levelized cost of electricity (LCOE): The LCOE of the system (system cost divided by the total load) is shown for unidirectional (V1G) and bidirectional (V2G) EVs. As the EV-to-main load fraction increases, the LCOE decreases across all electricity systems. This is because the flexible charging potential of EVs allows electricity systems to make better use of generation capacity, and thus reduce the system cost per total load. In the Natural Gas system, V1G and V2G achieved LCOE parity when V2G load achieved 26% of the main load. In systems consisting of solar and/or wind, there is a continuous reduction of LCOE in V2G, compared to in V1G, because V2G injects power to electricity systems that have less generating capacity, and this allows them to meet peak loads.