Figure 4.

Marginal value of adding additional V1G’s (top row) or V2G’s (bottom row) at different levels of V1G and V2G penetration

Values are represented as % reduction in system cost without EVs per % increase in V1G/main-load demand or V2G/main-load demand (top and bottom rows, respectively). Note the high value associated with V2Gs in systems with solar and/or wind up to the point where V2G demand is equal to 10% or 20% of main load demand. Maximum values appear at the origin in all cases, left-to-right in the top row, maximum values are 0.38%, 1.59%, 0.98%, 0.98%, and 0.98% cost reduction relative to no EVs per % increase in V1G/main-load demand; left-to-right in the bottom row, maximum values are 2.47%, 6.47%, 2.67%, 3.36%, and 4.50% cost reduction relative to no EVs per % increase in V2G/main-load demand.