. 2022 Aug 31;20:393. doi: 10.1186/s12951-022-01595-3

Table 1.

Table summarizing the recent applications of functionalized MNPs in various biomedical applications with respective clinical trial identifiers, as appropriate

Magnetic nanoparticle	Functionalization	Application	Applicable model systems		Clinical trial ID	Ref#
Magnetic nanoparticle	Functionalization	Application	In vitro	In vivo	Clinical trial ID	Ref#
Feredix	Dextran-coated SPION	Liver, spleen, bone marrow imaging			Discontinued (toxicity)	[30]
Magnablate	Iron nanoparticles	Thermal ablation		Prostate cancer	NCT02033447	[136]
Feraheme/ferumoxytol	Iron oxide-carboxymethyl dextran	Monitor response to bevacizumab therapy		Glioma	NCT00769093	[124, 135]
	Iron oxide-carboxymethyl dextran	Localize lymph node metastases		Pancreatic cancer	NCT00920023	[124, 135]
	Iron oxide-carboxymethyl dextran	Detect recent myocardial infarction		Myocardial infarction	NCT01995799	[124, 135]
	Iron oxide-carboxymethyl dextran	Vascular imaging		Migraine	NCT02549898	[124, 135]
	VEGF-165 peptide coupling	Cardiovascular imaging/VEGF delivery	HUVEC			[85]
	Iron-oxide-semi-synthetic carbohydrate shell	Iron deficiency anemia, chronic kidney disease		i.v injection in patients	NCT00233597	[126]
Ferumoxide	Iron oxide-dextran	Labeling of inflammed cells		MRI imaging of patient forearm	NCT01169935	[88]
FIONs	PEG-phospholipid	Pancreatic islet graft imaging		Rat liver		[173]
Ferrotran® (Ferumoxtran-10)	Iron oxide-dextran	Prostrate cancer		Lymph node imaging	NCT04261777	[174]
(Gal-PEI-SPIO)	Galactose (Gal) and polyethylenimine (PEI)-modified MNP	siRNA duplexes targeting c-Met	Hepa1–6 cells	Hepatic tumor model in C57BL/6 mice		[175]
(ZnFe₂O₄-mSi)core nanoparticle	Magnetic zinc-doped iron oxide with mesoporous silica shell	let-7a microRNA + doxorubicin payload	Hela cells	Xenografted nude mice		[21]
Magnetic nanoparticle formulation (MNPF)	beta-Cyclodextrin and PEI coated iron oxide core	miR-145 delivery	HPAF-II, AsPC-1			[176]
MPEI-PEG-magnetic nanoparticles	PEI and PEG coated iron oxide core	miR-205 payload delivery	C4–2, PC-3 cells			[177]
Fe₃O₄-SPION	Folic acid (FA) + disulfide-(PEG)-conjugated (PEI) complexed	MRI, siRNA delivery in gastric cancer	SGC-7901			[178]
SPION	T40 dextran coated, epichlorohydrine stabilized	MRI of lymph node, liver, intestine		Pig model		[179]
PEI nanoparticle	Fe₃O₄-PEG-LAC-chitosan functionalized	Survivin-siRNA targeted delivery	MCF-7, K562 cells			[147, 180]
SPION	Gemcitabine (Gem)-loaded PLGA-PEG functionalized	Targeted drug delivery	MCF-7			[21]
Iron oxide NP	Chitosan coated, gemcitabine (Gem)-loaded	Targeted drug delivery	SKBR and MCF-7			[181]
SPIONs	Daunomycin-loaded	Targeted drug delivery	HeLa			[182]
SPIONs	PSMA targeted docetaxel-loaded	Targeted delivery	PC-3			[127]
Ferumoxide	Poly-l-lysine coated	Magnetic targeting in stroke	HB1.F3	Rat		[183]
Paramagnetic perfluorocarbon nanoparticle	Fumagillin loaded, rapamycin loaded, PEG-PEI-gadolinium: ETPA conjugated	αvβ3-integrin-targeted systemic delivery		Rabbit		[184, 185]
Paramagnetic perfluorocarbon nanoparticle	Rapamycin loaded, PEG-PEI-gadolinium: ETPA conjugated	avb3-targeted local catheter delivery		Rabbit		[185]
IONPs	Polyacrylic acid-co-maleic acid (PAM) coated	tPA delivery	HUVEC	Rats, human blood		[186–188]
	Amine PEG coated with BSA/ATF protein surface conjugation	Urokinase delivery	PANC02	Mice		[189]
	Streptavidin-coated	miRNA-141 detection		Human serum		[42, 190]
	Streptavidin coated biotin labeled	miR-21 detection	LC–ESI–MS-MS-based	MCF-7		[191]
	EDT coated and DOX loaded	miR-155	bEnd.3, MDCK-MDR, U251			[130]
	Streptavidin-coated and HepB Ab conjugated	Electrochemical detection of HepB	Sandwich ELISA-based			[192]
	Streptavidin-coated and biotinylated HIV-DNA probe conjugate	Viral detection	Electrical impedence based			[193]
	Streptavidin-coated	miRNA detection (let-7b)	SEM, DLS based characterization			[194]
Fe₃O₄-virus-magnetic-MIPs (virus-MMIPs)	Green self-polymerization strategy using dopmaine imprinting	Hep A virus detection	CHO cells	Human serum sample		[195]
Fe₃O₄ NPs	PEI coated	Genome editing by CRISPR/Cas9	HEK-293 cells			[196]
Superparamagnetic particles	Tosyl group and Influenza protein coated	Viral detection by immunomagnetic assay		Saliva sample		[197]
Graphene oxide MNP	Carboxyl group	miR-122	Fluorescein-labeled HRP-CRET			[198]
Zinc ferrite (ZnFe)	Silica coated and amino (–NH₂) modified with carboxylic polymers	SARS-CoV-2 RNA capture	Automated in vitro RNA extraction			[156]
BNF-80	Coated with protein A and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibody	SARS-CoV-2 (virus) detection	Spectroscopy-based			[10]
Fe₃O₄ NPs	Amino (–NH₂) modified and poly amino coated to generate poly-NH₂-MNPs	SARS-CoV-2 RNA capture and detection	Spectroscopy and qPCR-based	Nasopharyngeal swab samples		[157]