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. 2022 Aug 30;21:167. doi: 10.1186/s12933-022-01596-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Meta-analyzed adjusted risk of incident CVD in SHFS and SHS. Multivariable Model includes terms for age, sex, study site (in SHFS only), education, smoking, physical activity, BMI, waist circumference, LDL-cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, treated hypertension, duration of diabetes, type of diabetes medication used, and treated hyperlipidemia. Sphingolipid Adjusted Model further adjusts for one of the other species: Cer-16 and SM-16 models include adjustment for Cer-22 and SM-22, respectively; Cer-20, -22, -24, and SM-20, -22, and -24 models include adjustment for Cer-16 and SM-16, respectively