Table 1.
Sample characteristics at baseline (wave 4) by hearing impairment at follow-up (wave 7) and objective hearing impairment by self-reported hearing impairment at wave 7.
| Overall | No hearing impairment | Hearing impairment | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | 4430 | 2757 (62.23%) | 1673 (37.77%) | |
| Age | 64.1 (7.99) | 61.6 (SD 6.63) | 68.2 (SD 8.34) | p < 0.001 |
| Female | 54.75% | 57.78% | 49.80% | p < 0.001 |
| Education | p < 0.001 | |||
| Less than o-level or equivalent | 35.20% | 29.75% | 44.08% | |
| O-level or equivalent | 28.99% | 30.59% | 26.39% | |
| Higher than o-level | 35.81% | 39.66% | 29.54% | |
| Physical activity | p < 0.001 | |||
| Sedentary | 5.9% | 3.48% | 9.85% | |
| Smoker status | p = 0.126 | |||
| Never smoked | 41.92% | 43.06% | 40.07% | |
| Former smoker | 46.82% | 45.77% | 48.54% | |
| Current smoker | 11.25% | 11.17% | 11.39% | |
| Self-reported hearing | p < 0.001 | |||
| Excellent | 20.27% | 26.38% | 10.30% | |
| Very good | 29.04% | 33.75% | 21.35% | |
| Good | 33.70% | 31.65% | 37.03% | |
| Fair | 14.11% | 7.55% | 24.79% | |
| Poor | 2.90% | 0.67% | 6.53% | |
| Allostatic load scores | ||||
| Z-score | −0.12 (0.42) | −0.03 (0.424) | 0.02 (0.41) | p < 0.001 |
| Clinical cut-off | 3.39 (1.79) | 3.30 (1.78) | 3.53 (1.80) | p < 0.001 |
| Weighted top quartile | 1.24 (0.94) | 1.15 (0.93) | 1.38 (0.96) | p < 0.001 |
| Continuous top quartile |
3.39 (2.56) |
3.21 (2.56) |
3.68 (2.53) |
p < 0.001 |
| Wave 7 only | ||||
| Has hearing impairment defined by self-reported variable | ||||
| 21.33% | 30.69% | 69.31% | p < 0.001 | |
Notes: Reported are mean (SD) or percentage.