Table 3.
Longitudinal association between allostatic load (measured using clinical cut-off points for normal biomarker parameters) and hearing impairment. Results of logistic regression models (odds ratios and confidence intervals).
| Hearing loss |
Self-reported hearing loss |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| Allostatic load | 1.113*** (1.15,1.26) | 1.08*** (1.04,1.13) | 1.08** (1.05,1.12) | 1.05 (1.05,1.11) |
| Baseline self-reported hearing (ref. excellent) | ||||
| Very good | 1.54*** (1.23,1.93) | 2.44*** (1.61,3.70) | ||
| Good | 2.66*** (2.15,3.29) | 8.33*** (5.67,12.25) | ||
| Fair | 7.17*** (5.54,9.28) | 30.43*** (20.39,45.41) | ||
| Poor | 19.72*** (11.43,34.05) | 62.61*** (36.35,107.84) | ||
| Female | 0.63*** (0.63,0.75) | 0.73*** (0.63,0.85) | 0.47*** (1.05,1.10) | 0.59*** (0.50,0.70) |
| Age | 1.12*** (1.11,1.13) | 1.12*** (1.11,1.13) | 1.05*** (1.01,1.03) | 1.03*** (1.02,1.04) |
| Qualifications (ref. Higher than O-level) | ||||
| Less than O-level | 1.40*** (1.17,1.66) | 1.21 (0.99,1.48) | ||
| O-level or equivalent | 1.18 (0.98,1.41) | 1.03 (0.83,1.27) | ||
| Sedentary lifestyle | 2.11** (1.38,3.22) | 1.55 (0.99,2.42) | ||
| Smoker status (ref. Never smoked) | ||||
| Former | 0.88 (0.76,1.02) | 0.89 (0.74,1.06) | ||
| Current | 1.29* (1.02,1.64) | 1.18 (0.89,1.56) | ||
***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05.
Models 1 control for age and sex. Models 2 control for age, sex, qualification, physical activity and smoker status.