TABLE 2.

Comparison of properties between plant and bacterial cellulose.

Properties	Plant cellulose	Bacterial cellulose	References
Production process	Disintegration	Build-up	Klemm et al. (2005); Postek et al. (2011); Mishra et al. (2018b); Klemm et al. (2018); Phanthong et al. (2018)
Crystallinity degree	54–88% (cellulose nanocrystals)	65–79%	Phanthong et al. (2018)
	59–64% (cellulose nanofibers)
Particle size; length	0.05–0.5 µm (cellulose nanocrystals)	>1 µm	Pecoraro et al. (2008)
	0,5–2 µm (cellulose nanofibers)
Particle size; width	3–10 nm (cellulose nanocrystals)	30–50 nm	Pecoraro et al. (2008)
	4–20 nm (cellulose nanofibers)
Degree of polymerization	500–15,000 (cellulose nanocrystals)	800–10,000	Pecoraro et al. (2008)
	≥500 (cellulose nanofibers)
Young’s modulus	50–100 GPa (cellulose nanocrystals)	15–30 GPa	Pecoraro et al. (2008)
	39–78 GPa (cellulose nanofibers)
Purity	Low	High	Pecoraro et al. (2008); Mishra et al. (2018b)
Environmental impact	Production of polluting reactions and environmentally harmful compounds	No undesirable compounds	Donini et al. (2010b)
Limitations	Application of cellulose nanofibers and cellulose nanocrystals in composites with hydrophobic matrices limited by weak interphase interactions	Lack of efficient large-scale fermentation systems; still very incipient commercialization systems	Bharimalia et al. (2017)
			Da Gama and Dourado, (2018); Azeredo et al. (2019b)
			Amorim et al. (2020)
Industrial scale production	Limited	Under research and implementation	Phanthong et al. (2018)
			Da Gama and Dourado, (2018); Azeredo et al. (2019b)
			Amorim et al. (2020)