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. 2022 Jun 25;6(8):nzac110. doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzac110

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© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society for Nutrition.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

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Amino acids and their interactions with gut microbiota in regulation of inflammatory bowel disease. l-glutamine induces TJ protein expression through AMPK activation and inhibits proinflammatory cytokine production. Ingestion of Trp regulates the cytokine balance by increasing Lactobacillus diversity. In addition, Trp metabolites produced in the presence of specific gut bacteria activate PXR in intestinal epithelial cells, thereby reducing barrier permeability. AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; BEST4, bestropin 4; IAA, indole acrylic acid; IPA, indole propionic acid; OTOP 2, otopetrin 2; PXR, pregnane X receptor; TJ, tight junction.