Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants from Moli-sani Study cohort (n=22 895) overall and across quarters of the Food Standards Agency nutrient profiling system (FSAm-NPS) dietary index. Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise
| Characteristics | All (n=22 895) | Quarters of FSAm-NPS dietary index | P value* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (n=5723) | 2 (n=5724) | 3 (n=5725) | 4 (n=5723) | |||
| Mean (IQR) FSAm-NPS dietary index | 7.4 (6.7 to 8.4) | 5.5 (5.1 to 6.4) | 7.2 (7.0 to 7.4) | 8.0 (7.8 to 8.2) | 9.0 (8.6 to 9.2) | - |
| Mean (IQR) ultra-processed food intake, weight ratio | 10.8 (6.0 to 13.9) | 8.2 (4.3 to 10.6) | 9.8 (5.7 to 12.4) | 11.6 (6.9 to 14.5) | 13.6 (8.6 to 17.1) | - |
| Mean (SD) age, years | 55.4 (11.7) | 60.2 (11.7) | 56.8 (11.5) | 53.9 (11.1) | 50.8 (10.4) | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 10 922 (47.7) | 2730 (47.7) | 2731 (47.7) | 2731 (47.7) | 2730 (47.7) | 1.00 |
| Educational level: | <0.001 | |||||
| Up to lower secondary | 11 952 (52.2) | 3412 (59.6) | 3172 (55.4) | 2946 (51.5) | 2422 (42.3) | |
| Upper secondary | 7975 (34.8) | 1648 (28.8) | 1866 (32.6) | 2080 (36.3) | 2381 (41.6) | |
| Postsecondary | 2949 (12.9) | 659 (11.5) | 677 (11.8) | 695 (12.1) | 918 (16.0) | |
| Missing data | 19 (0.1) | 4 (0.1) | 9 (0.2) | 4 (0.1) | 2 (<0.1) | |
| Housing: | 0.06 | |||||
| Rent | 2010 (8.8) | 478 (8.4) | 424 (7.4) | 516 (9.0) | 592 (10.3) | |
| 1 dwelling ownership | 18 817 (82.2) | 4721 (82.5) | 4774 (83.4) | 4739 (82.8) | 4583 (80.1) | |
| >1 dwelling ownership | 2026 (8.8) | 513 (9.0) | 511 (8.9) | 464 (8.1) | 538 (9.4) | |
| Missing data | 42 (0.2) | 11 (0.2) | 15 (0.3) | 6 (0.1) | 10 (0.2) | |
| Urban residence | 15 380 (67.2) | 3825 (66.8) | 3775 (66.0) | 3818 (66.7) | 3962 (69.2) | <0.001 |
| Smoking status: | 0.60 | |||||
| Non-smoker | 11 357 (49.6) | 2957 (51.7) | 2871 (50.2) | 2817 (49.2) | 2712 (47.4) | |
| Current smoker | 5259 (23.0) | 1049 (18.3) | 1203 (21.0) | 1385 (24.2) | 1622 (28.3) | |
| Former smoker | 6263 (27.4) | 1713 (29.9) | 1647 (28.8) | 1519 (26.5) | 1384 (24.2) | |
| Missing data | 16 (0.1) | 4 (0.1) | 3 (0.1) | 4 (0.1) | 5 (0.1) | |
| Mean (SD) leisure time physical activity, MET-h/day† | 3.5 (4.0) | 3.9 (4.2) | 3.7 (4.2) | 3.5 (3.9) | 3.2 (3.8) | <0.001 |
| Mean (SD) body mass index† | 28.0 (4.7) | 28.0 (4.8) | 28.1 (4.7) | 28.1 (4.7) | 27.9 (4.7) | 0.03 |
| Cardiovascular disease: | 0.004 | |||||
| No | 21 347 (93.2) | 5120 (89.5) | 5324 (93.0) | 5408 (94.5) | 5495 (96.0) | |
| Yes | 1187 (5.2) | 491 (8.6) | 313 (5.5) | 228 (4.0) | 155 (2.7) | |
| Missing data | 361 (1.6) | 112 (2.0) | 87 (1.5) | 89 (1.6) | 73 (1.3) | |
| Cancer: | 0.70 | |||||
| No | 22 017 (96.2) | 5435 (95.0) | 5492 (95.9) | 5524 (96.5) | 5566 (97.3) | |
| Yes | 794 (3.5) | 261 (4.6) | 208 (3.6) | 183 (3.2) | 142 (2.5) | |
| Missing data | 84 (0.4) | 27 (0.5) | 24 (0.4) | 18 (0.3) | 15 (0.3) | |
| Diabetes: | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 21 517 (94.0) | 5113 (89.3) | 5375 (93.9) | 5480 (95.7) | 5549 (97.0) | |
| Yes | 1095 (4.8) | 525 (9.2) | 276 (4.8) | 178 (3.1) | 116 (2.0) | |
| Missing data | 283 (1.2) | 85 (1.5) | 73 (1.3) | 67 (1.2) | 58 (1.0) | |
| Hypertension: | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 16 260 (71.0) | 3458 (60.4) | 3942 (68.9) | 4272 (74.6) | 4588 (80.2) | |
| Yes | 6474 (28.3) | 2222 (38.8) | 1735 (30.3) | 1419 (24.8) | 1098 (19.2) | |
| Missing data | 161 (0.7) | 43 (0.8) | 47 (0.8) | 34 (0.6) | 37 (0.6) | |
| Hyperlipidaemia: | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 20 929 (91.4) | 4885 (85.4) | 5224 (91.3) | 5361 (93.6) | 5459 (95.4) | |
| Yes | 1759 (7.7) | 771 (13.5) | 440 (7.7) | 321 (5.6) | 227 (4.0) | |
| Missing data | 207 (0.9) | 67 (1.2) | 60 (1.0) | 43 (0.8) | 37 (0.6) | |
IQR=interquartile range; SD=standard deviation.
Means were adjusted for age, sex, and energy intake.
*
Obtained using generalised linear models for both continuous and categorical dependent variables adjusted for age, sex, and energy intake.
†
Data for leisure time physical activity and body mass index were missing for 197 and 13 participants, respectively.