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Inflammatory cytokine expression of TNF-α (a), IL-1β (b), IL-12 (c), and IL-23 (d) was determined by ELISA. The data shown are means ± SD. P values were determined using an unpaired, two-tailed Student's t test; ns, nonsignificant; *, P < 0.05 versus the control; **, P < 0.01 versus the control.
